Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

化学镀镍废水中磷处理的研究

化学镀镍技术,以其独特的优越性正被广泛应用。但是化学镀镍溶液因其自身的还原反应性质导致镀液不稳定、使用寿命短。产生的废液中含有大量的镍离子、亚磷酸盐、硫酸钠及一些有机物等。镍是一种致癌的重金属物质,也是一种短缺昂贵的金属资源,磷则是引起水体富营养化现象的主要污染因素之一。因此,如何有效地处理化学镀镍废液中的磷,减少对环境的污染及生态平衡的破坏,有着非常重要的现实意义。本文通过大量的试验对影响磷处理效果的氯化钙投加量、反应温度、反应时间、反应pH值等因素进行了优化。在试验的基础上,可根据实际操作所得出的温度与pH值对镀镍废水磷处理的影响的结论,设计出一套化学镀镍废液综合治理的工艺流程。因此,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

在用柴油车环保定期检测NOx的可行性研究

利用发动机台架测试设备对柴油车氮氧化物检测设备进行了对比测试,并对部分发动机的典型工况点和实际车辆进行了氮氧化物排放测试。结果表明,化学电池为原理的检测设备,容易劣化,不建议使用。加载减速工况中的工况点经过调整,能够满足氮氧化物检测要求。对于配备有SCR的符合国四排放标准以上的车辆,进行氮氧化物检测是可行的。经过对不同排放水平的排放检测,氮氧化物检测限值初步确定为1300ppm。     

硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行

在某生物除铁除锰水厂,以中试模拟滤柱开展了硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行试验,并分析了氨氮转化去除路径.结果表明,生物除铁除锰滤池历经164 d驯化培养,可实现硝化耦合CANON去除氨氮并稳定运行,特征值ΔNH+4-N/ΔNO-3-N为1.49,生物滤柱对Fe(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)和NH+4-N的氧化去除量分别为(9.87±1.17)、(2.25±0.06)和(1.51±0.06)mg·L-1.基于氮素守恒和溶解氧(DO)守恒分析,通过CANON过程去除的氨氮质量分数为33.48%~38.87%,氨氮去除量与实际需氧量的平均比例为1∶3.79~1∶3.94.温度越低,氨氮经CANON过程去除的质量分数越低.     

沈阳市农村环境基础设施运营与管理对策探讨

分析了沈阳市农村环境基础设施运营管理存在的问题,提出了解决对策。     

内蒙古“十二五”规划中重点产业及区域发展水污染负荷环境压力评估

“十二五”内蒙城镇化率的提高,使得城镇生活点源COD和氨氮负荷产生量有较高增长.“十一五”期间内蒙城镇生活污水COD和氨氮的去除率较低,为实现十二五减排目标的完成,需大幅提高城镇污水处理厂处理能力,实现盟市污水处理厂收集处理率达到90％.此外城镇污水处理厂COD和氨氮的去除率,分别至少达到80％和45％以上.这样才能够满足重点产业发展增排的COD和氨氮的同时,实现十二五总量目标的实现.     

“十二五”辽河流域沈阳段污染治理对策初探

在研究分析“十二五”期间辽河流域沈阳段污染治理工作面临形势的基础上,总结了目前存在的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了解决对策。     

中高温区水合肼SNCR脱硝反应机制和特性研究

研究了水合肼选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)还原烟气中NOx的反应机制并加以实验验证,同时利用敏感性分析找出主导肼SNCR反应进程的基元反应,并分析了各相关因素对水合肼SNCR反应的影响,机制分析显示肼的脱硝反应温度呈双峰特性,峰值温度分别为650℃和975℃,低温段窗口为597～747℃.实验结果表明水合肼的SNCR双峰温度分别为653℃和968℃,低温段温度窗口为587～707℃,模拟和实验结果中的脱硝效率均呈现显著的双峰值特性.通过模拟计算与实验验证,发现本研究归纳的反应机制能较好地模拟肼的SNCR脱硝过程;通过敏感性分析确定,在肼的脱硝温度窗口内,最有助于NO脱除的基元反应是N2H4的分解反应,最有助于NO脱除的是NH2基元;氧气体积分数降低会导致肼的SNCR反应温度窗口向高温侧偏移,这一现象与氨水相反;n(N2H4)/n(NO)的增加会在摩尔比低于2.0时拓宽反应温度窗口并提升脱硝效率.研究表明水合肼拥有比传统脱硝剂更低的温度窗口,在SNCR脱硝工艺中具有良好的应用前景.     

基施硅肥对土壤镉生物有效性及水稻镉累积效应的影响

为研究硅肥对土壤Cd生物有效性以及水稻累积重金属Cd的影响,模拟土壤低Cd污染水平(Cd总量为0.72mg·kg~(-1))和土壤高Cd污染水平下(Cd总量为5.08 mg·kg~(-1)),土壤基施0、15、30、60 mg·kg~(-1)的硅肥,进行水稻盆栽种植实验.结果表明,施用15~60 mg·kg~(-1)硅肥能提升水稻各生育期土壤的pH值,降低土壤交换态Cd含量和TCLP提取态Cd含量24.2%~43.7%,12.7%~46.8%,土壤中Si能与Cd形成Si-Cd复合物,降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,且降低效果在土壤低Cd污染水平时优于高Cd污染水平.硅肥提升水稻地上部的生物量尤其是产量.土壤低Cd污染水平下,Si对土壤Cd向水稻地上部的转运有促进和阻碍两种作用,施用量过低(Si 15 mg·kg~(-1))或过高(Si 60 mg·kg~(-1))时均促进土壤Cd向水稻地上部转运,施用量为30 mg·kg~(-1)时则阻碍Cd向上转运.随着Si施用量的增大,糙米Cd含量先上升后下降,范围为0.07~0.15 mg·kg~(-1),均低于0.2 mg·kg~(-1).土壤高Cd污染水平下,Si阻碍Cd向水稻地上部的转运,糙米、谷壳、茎叶的Cd含量分别降低38.7%~48.5%、35.7%~70.7%、30.9%~40.7%,糙米Cd含量范围0.23~0.28 mg·kg~(-1).综合考虑产量和糙米Cd含量,土壤低Cd污染水平下,建议施用30 mg·kg~(-1)的Si;高Cd污染水平下,建议施用Si 15~60 mg·kg~(-1).     

Photosynthesis and biochemical responses to elevated O3 in Plantago major and Sonchus oleraceus growing in a lowland habitat of northern China

A field experiment was carried out to compare the responses to ozone(O_3) in two common herbaceous plant species, Plantago major L. and Sonchus oleraceus L., by building open-top growth chambers in situ to simulate O_3stress(+ O_3, 85 ± 5 ppb, 9 hr/day for 30 days) in a lowland habitat in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Responses to O_3 of gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf pigment content, antioxidant capability, soluble protein content, membrane lipid peroxidation and dark respiration(R_d) were analyzed. Results showed that elevated O_3 exposure significantly reduced the light-saturated net photosynthesis(P_(Nsat)), stomatal conductance(g_s) and transpiration rate(E) in both species. Although non-significant interactive effect between species and O_3 on P_(Nsat) was analyzed, the reduction in P_(Nsat) in S. oleraceus might be due primarily to the higher fraction of close PSII reaction centers and impaired activities of plant mesophyll cells as evidences by decreased maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark adapted state(F_v/F_m) and unchanged intercellular CO_2concentration(C_i). Besides, biochemical analysis showed that S. oleraceus had lower antioxidant ability compared to P. major. As a result, S. oleraceus was damaged to the larger extent in terms of lipid peroxidation and visible O_3 injury, indicating that S. oleraceus was more sensitive to O_3 than P. major. Our results indicated that wild herbaceous plant species growing in a lowland habitat in sandy grassland were sensitive to O_3 stress and S. oleraceus can be considered as one of the bio-indicators for high O_3 concentration in semi-arid grassland of northern China.