不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质年际变化特征

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,近年来逐渐得到广泛关注.为探究植被和使用时长对绿色屋顶径流水质的影响,于北京市区搭建了3种不同植被类型[佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora）和无植被（对照）]的绿色屋顶.根据2017～2019年植物生长情况、雨季雨水和绿色屋顶径流水质的长期监测,定量分析不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质的年际变化特征.结果表明,相较雨水,3种绿色屋顶在监测期内均是NH⁺₄-N的汇,浓度平均削减率在50.1%～79.2%之间,但均是PO^3-₄-P、 DCr、 DCu和DNi的源;佛甲草和大花马齿苋绿色屋顶在2017年是NO^-₃-N的汇,浓度平均削减率分别为71.4%和99.5%,在2018和2019年是NO^-₃-N的源,而对照绿色屋顶在监测期均为NO^-₃-N的源;绿色屋顶的植被类型和使用时长显著影响其径...     

金山湖水体水质评价及主导因子研究

采用综合营养状态指数法(TLI)对金山湖的3个监测点位在2012年的水质进行了评价。结果显示,八号码头监测点全年呈现中营养状态;京口闸监测点在丰水期呈现中营养,在枯水期有轻度富营养状态出现;虹桥港监测点水体呈现"轻度富营养-中营养-轻度富营养"的变化趋势。并采用主成分分析法,分析虹桥港监测点水体富营养化的主导因子,为控制金山湖水污染提供依据。分析结果表明,溶解氧、总磷和高锰酸盐指数是虹桥港监测点水体富营养的主导因子。因此,削减金山湖水体中磷营养盐和高锰酸盐,提高溶解氧含量是控制该监测点水污染的主要措施。     

电子制造业塑料件生产过程的挥发性有机物排放特征分析

选取珠三角地区典型电子制造企业,通过气袋采样及预浓缩-GC-MS/FID分析方法,获得塑料件生产过程的挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度水平与组分特征.实验共检出包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醛类、卤代烃等在内的101种VOCs组分.其中,塑料件生产过程可分为注塑成型期和塑料件加工期,塑料件加工期包括喷涂工艺和非喷涂工艺.结果表明,注塑成型期总VOCs排放浓度较塑料件加工期低,含氧VOCs(OVOCs)、烷烃是最重要的组分;塑料件加工期的喷涂工艺VOCs排放浓度普遍高于非喷涂工艺,OVOCs、卤代烃是塑料件加工期主要的VOCs组分,其中,丙酮和三氯乙烯为主要成分.与其他研究相比,本研究中卤代烃排放比例明显提高,芳香烃排放比例下降.注塑成型期臭氧生成潜势标准化反应活性系数R值比塑料件加工期高24%,其中,丙烯醛是贡献最大的物种;在塑料件加工期,喷涂工艺的R值比非喷涂工艺高31%,正己醛是最主要的臭氧贡献物种.苯系物对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势贡献起主导作用.在臭氧控制的背景下,不仅排放浓度高的喷涂工艺需受到控制,对于标准化反应活性大的其他工艺也需关注.     

某实验室2017年全国个人剂量监测能力考核结果分析

目的:对2017年参加全国个人剂量监测能力考核的结果进行分析与总结,改进监测分析方法,提高监测技术能力。方法:依据《2017年度全国个人剂量监测能力考核方案》的要求进行考核。结果:检测结果报告值分别为0.56,2.50,0.50,1.94,3.73,与参考值相比较,单组性能为0.01~0.02,综合性能为0.02,考核评定结果为优秀。结论:本实验室个人剂量监测系统状态稳定,测量结果准确可靠。     

Formation and transformation of schwertmannite in the classic Fenton process

The massive amount of sludge generated by the classic Fenton process, which has often been hypothesized to consist of ferric hydroxide, remains a major obstacle to its large-scale application. Therefore, reutilization of Fenton sludge has recently gained more attention.Understanding the formation, transformation, and properties of Fenton sludge combined with the stages of the Fenton reaction is pivotal, but not well illustrated yet. In this study,SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS were applied to study the morphology, crystallinity,elemental composition, and valence state of Fenton sludge. The authors report that schwertmannite and 2-line ferrihydrite were generated and transformed in the oxidation phase and the neutralization phase of the Fenton process. SO_4~(2-) in the solution decreased by8.7%–26.0% at different molar ratios of Fe(II) to H_2 O_2; meanwhile, iron ion precipitated completely at pH 3.70 with the formation of schwertmannite containing sulfate groups in the Fenton sludge. The structural sulfate(Fe-SO_4) in schwertmannite was released from the precipitate with the addition of OH-, and the production of Fenton sludge decreased with increasing pH when pH 3.70. Goethite was found to form when the final p H was adjusted to 12 or at a reaction temperature of 80°C. Moreover, the possible thermal transformation to goethite and hematite indicated that Fenton sludge can be reused as a raw material for synthesizing more stable iron(hydro)oxides. The results provide useful insights into the formation and transformation of Fenton sludge, with implications for regulating the crystal type of Fenton sludge for further reuse.     

Potential factors and mechanism of particulate matters explosive increase induced by free radicals oxidation

Atmospheric particulate pollution in China has attracted much public attention. Occasionally, the particle number concentration increases sharply in a short time period, which is defined as a “particulate matter explosive increase”. Heavy particulate matter pollution not only reduces visibility but also has an adverse effect on human health. Hence, there is an urgent need to discover the causes of particulate matter explosive increase. During this campaign, the particle number concentration and free radicals were measured at a tall building on the campus of Lanzhou University of Technology. Additionally, we examined a series of chemicals to reproduce the observed particulate matter explosive increase in a smog chamber to determine its potential factors. Then, we analyzed the mechanism of particulate matter explosive increase in the presence of free radicals. We found that, among the potential inorganic and organic sources analyzed, a mixture of organic and SO₂ in the research region had a major effect on particulate matter explosive increase. Moreover, free radical oxidation has a large effect, especially in the formation of organic particulates.     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

基于功基窗口法的国六重型柴油车实际道路排放研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对6辆典型国六重型柴油车开展了实际道路排放试验,并利用功基窗口法分析了重型车实际道路CO、NOx和PN排放特性,结果表明：实际行驶过程中重型柴油车排放后处理装置能有效控制CO和PN排放,但NOx排放存在显著不确定性.现行重型国六排放标准规定的功基窗口法在排放评估过程中最高可剔除46.68%的NOx高比排放窗口,大幅低估了实际道路工况尤其是市区拥堵路况下的重型柴油车NOx实际排放量,建议采用更加科学合理的数据处理方法评价重型车实际道路排放.     

High pyrolysis temperature biochar reduced the transport of petroleum degradation bacteria Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 in porous media

Biochar has been widely applied for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. However, the effect of biochar on the transport of petroleum degradation bacteria has not been studied. A typical Gram-positive petroleum degradation bacteria-Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 was used to study the effect of different biochars on bacterial transport and retention. Results indicated that the addition of biochar in sand was effective for reducing the transport of bacteria and poplar sawdust biochar (PSBC) had a stronger hinder effect than corn straw biochar (CSBC). The hindrance was more evident with pyrolysis temperature of biochar raised from 300°C to 600°C, which was attributed to the increase of specific surface area (309 times). The hindrance effect also enhanced with higher application rate of biochar. Furthermore, the reduction of HRJ4 transport was more obvious in higher (25 mmol/L) concentration of NaCl solution owing to electrostatic attraction enhancement. The adsorption of biochar to HRJ4 was defined to contribute to the hindrance of HRJ4 transport mainly. Combining the influence of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on HRJ4 transport, it suggested that specific surface area had the greatest effect on HRJ4 transport, and pore-filling, electrostatic force also contributed to HRJ4 retained in quartz sand column. At last, phenol transportation experiment indicated that the restriction of biochar on HRJ4 enhanced the phenol removal rate in the column. This study provides a theoretical basis for the interaction of biochar and bacteria, which is vital for the remediation of oil-contaminated soil and groundwater in the field.     

Bacterial community response to petroleum contamination in brackish tidal marsh sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

The brackish tidal marsh in the Baimaosha area of the Yangtze River Estuary was severely contaminated by 400 tons of heavy crude petroleum from a tanker that sank in December 2012. The spill accident led to severe environmental damage owing to its high toxicity, persistence and wide distribution. Microbial communities play vital roles in petroleum degradation in marsh sediments. Therefore, taxonomic analysis, high-throughput sequencing and 16S rRNA functional prediction were used to analyze the structure and function of microbial communities among uncontaminated (CK), lightly polluted (LP), heavily polluted (HP), and treated (TD) sediments. The bacterial communities responded with increased richness and decreased diversity when exposed to petroleum contamination. The dominant class changed from Deltaproteobacteria to Gammaproteobacteria after petroleum contamination. The phylum Firmicutes increased dramatically in oil-enriched sediment by 75.78%, 346.19% and 267.26% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. One of the suspected oil-degrading genera, Dechloromonas, increased the most in oil-contaminated sediment, by 540.54%, 711.27% and 656.78% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. Spore protease, quinate dehydrogenase (quinone) and glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, three types of identified enzymes, increased enormously with the increasing petroleum concentration. In conclusion, petroleum contamination altered the community composition and microorganism structure, and promoted some bacteria to produce the corresponding degrading enzymes. Additionally, the suspected petroleum-degrading genera should be considered when restoring oil-contaminated sediment.