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121.
This article describes a template for implementing an integrated community sustainability plan. The template emphasizes community
engagement and outlines the components of a basic framework for integrating ecological, social and economic dynamics into
a community plan. The framework is a series of steps that support a sustainable community development process. While it reflects
the Canadian experience, the tools and techniques have applied value for a range of environmental planning contexts around
the world. The research is case study based and draws from a diverse range of communities representing many types of infrastructure,
demographics and ecological and geographical contexts. A critical path for moving local governments to sustainable community
development is the creation and implementation of integrated planning approaches. To be effective and to be implemented, a
requisite shift to sustainability requires active community engagement processes, political will, and a commitment to political
and administrative accountability, and measurement. 相似文献
122.
Hanna Knuutila Hallvard F. Svendsen Mikko Anttila 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(2):143-151
In this work the feasibility of a CO2 capture system based on sodium carbonate–bicarbonate slurry and its integration with a power plant is studied. The results are compared to monoethanolamine (MEA)-based capture systems. Condensing power plant and combined heat and power plant with CO2 capture is modelled to study the feasibility of combined heat and power plant for CO2 capture.Environmental friendly sodium carbonate would be an interesting chemical for CO2 capture. Sodium carbonate absorbs CO2 forming sodium bicarbonate. The low solubility of sodium bicarbonate is a weak point for the sodium carbonate based liquid systems since it limits the total concentration of carbonate. In this study the formation of solid bicarbonate is allowed, thus forming slurry, which can increase the capacity of the solvent. With this the energy requirement of stripping of the solvent could potentially be around 3.22 MJ/kg of captured CO2 which is significantly lower than with MEA based systems which typically have energy consumption around 3.8 MJ/kg of captured CO2.Combined heat and power plants seem to be attractive for CO2 capture because of the high total energy efficiency of the plants. In a condensing power plant the CO2 capture decreases directly the electricity production whereas in a combined heat and power plant the loss can be divided between district heat and electricity according to demand. 相似文献
123.
Nodularin (NOD) is a cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxin produced by the bloom forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. The fate of the toxin in the aquatic environment has not been fully evaluated. In the current study the changes in NOD concentration caused by biodegradation and sorption in samples from the Baltic were studied. Seawater of various salinities (0, 4, 8 and 12 PSU) and three forms of fine-grained sediment (sterile wet sediment, non-sterile wet sediment, and combusted sterile sediment) were incubated with 34.7 μg of NOD. The toxin was seen to be highly stable both in sterile and non-sterile seawater. During the 21-day experiment NOD concentrations in solutions overlying the combusted sediment and the sterile wet sediment were reduced to 12.5 ± 2.6% and 59.8 ± 2.4% of the initial value. The greatest loss of the toxin (up to 100%) was observed in the non-sterile seawater incubated with non-sterile wet sediment. These results indicate an important role of benthic microbial community in nodularin removal. Two biodegradation products with similar spectral characteristics to NOD were detected; one of which was identified as Adda amino acid. 相似文献
124.
A method for the determination of residues of mesotrione, atrazine and its degradation products: deethylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine,
deisopropylatrazine, desethyldesisopropylatrazine in a variety of water and soil matrices has been developed. Mesotrione is
a new selective herbicide for use in corn, which has been substituted for atrazine, which has been banned in European Union
countries since 2007. Although atrazine has not been used for three vegetative periods, it is still detected in the environment.
The analysis was conducted by means of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and liquid chromatography
with diode array detection. The procedures for analyte separation from water and soil matrices were also established. The
optimal conditions for solid-phase extraction (SPE) were determined. The recoveries were compared with that obtained by means
of SPE. Method fortification recoveries from water samples averaged 78–97% and for soil 80–97% depending on the analyte and
type of sample. The limits of detection were 0.04–0.61 μg/L for water samples and for soil samples 0.02–0.88 μg/g. The soil
samples were collected in spring 2009 from three different fields with water samples being made from effluents from these
fields. Samples collection was conducted in the day of mesotrione (Callisto 100SC) application and then done weekly, until
the mesotrione concentration was below the limit of quantification. The results enabled the monitoring of mesotrione degradation
in soil and its permeability into surface waters; simultaneously, the same studies were conducted for atrazine. 相似文献
125.
Steven R. Hanna Biswanath Chowdhury 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(3):309-321
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) short-distance dispersion model, AERMOD, has been shown to overpredict by a factor of as much as 10 when compared with observed concentrations from continuous releases at the Oak Ridge, TN (OR), and Idaho Falls, ID (IF), field experiments during stable periods when wind speeds often dropped below 1 m/sec. Some of this overprediction tendency can be reduced by revising AERMOD's meteorological preprocessor's parameterizations of the friction velocity, u * , during low-wind stable conditions, thus increasing the calculated σ v and σ w and hence the lateral and vertical dispersion rates. Observations show that as the mean wind speed approaches zero at night, there is always significant σ v and σ w over time periods of 15 to 60 min, while standard Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST) predicts that σ v and σ w will approach zero. This paper focuses on the u * estimation methods and the minimum turbulence (σ v and σ w ) assumptions in AERMOD (beta option 4) and two widely used U.S. operational dispersion models, AERMOD (v12345) and SCICHEM. The U.S. EPA has provided results of its tests with the OR and IF data, with its base AERMOD version and its December 2012 modified versions, which assume adjustments to the low-wind u * and increases in the minimum σ v parameterization. SCICHEM has relatively small mean bias for both data sets. The revised AERMOD shows much less mean bias, agreeing more with SCICHEM.
Implications:
Suggestions are made for improvements to dispersion models such as AERMOD to correct overpredictions during light-wind stable conditions. Methods for estimating u*, L, and the minimum turbulence parameters (σv and σw) are reviewed and compared. SCICHEM and the current operational version and an optional beta version (December 2012) of AERMOD are evaluated with tracer data from low-wind stable field experiments in Idaho Falls and Oak Ridge. It is seen that the operational version of AERMOD overpredicts by a factor of 2 to 10, while the optional beta version of AERMOD and SCICHEM have much less bias. 相似文献
126.
Identification of hot spots for urban fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations is complicated by the significant contributions from regional atmospheric transport and the dependence of spatial and temporal variability on averaging time. We focus on PM(2.5) patterns in New York City, which includes significant local sources, street canyons, and upwind contributions to concentrations. A literature synthesis demonstrates that long-term (e.g., one-year) average PM(2.5) concentrations at a small number of widely-distributed monitoring sites would not show substantial variability, whereas short-term (e.g., 1-h) average measurements with high spatial density would show significant variability. Statistical analyses of ambient monitoring data as a function of wind speed and direction reinforce the significance of regional transport but show evidence of local contributions. We conclude that current monitor siting may not adequately capture PM(2.5) variability in an urban area, especially in a mega-city, reinforcing the necessity of dispersion modeling and methods for analyzing high-resolution monitoring observations. 相似文献
127.
Birth-pulse populations are often characterized with discrete-time models, that use a single function to relate the post-breeding population size to the post-breeding size of the previous year. Recently, models of seasonal density dependence have been constructed that emphasize interactions during shorter time periods also. Here, we study two very simple forms of density-dependent mortality, that lead to Ricker and Beverton-Holt type population dynamics when viewed over the whole year. We explore the consequences of harvest timing to equilibrium population sizes under such density dependence. Whether or not individual mortality compensates for the harvested quota, the timing of harvesting has a strong impact on the sustainability of a harvesting quota. Further, we show that careless discretization of a continuous mortality scheme may seriously underestimate the reduction in population size caused by hunting and overestimate the sustainable yield. We also introduce the concept of the demographic value of an individual, which reflects the expected contribution to population size over time in the presence of density dependence. Finally, we discuss the possibility of calculating demographic values as means of optimizing harvest strategies. Here, a Pareto optimal harvest strategy will minimize the loss of demographic value from the population for a given yield. 相似文献
128.
The adsorption of naphthoic acids to iron oxides and hydroxides influences strongly their mobility in soils and sediments. Sorption of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) to three iron oxides was examined over a wide range of conditions (pH, ionic strength, sorbate and sorbent concentrations). In the examination of HNA sorption, Tempkin model was performed to fit sorption data of HNA onto all iron oxides. The adsorption in the Henry law range increases in the order: goethite相似文献
129.
Steve Carver Ian Convery Sally Hawkins Rene Beyers Adam Eagle Zoltan Kun Erwin Van Maanen Yue Cao Mark Fisher Stephen R. Edwards Cara Nelson George D. Gann Steve Shurter Karina Aguilar Angela Andrade William J. Ripple John Davis Anthony Sinclair Marc Bekoff Reed Noss Dave Foreman Hanna Pettersson Meredith Root-Bernstein Jens-Christian Svenning Peter Taylor Sophie Wynne-Jones Alan Watson Featherstone Camilla Fløjgaard Mark Stanley-Price Laetitia M. Navarro Toby Aykroyd Alison Parfitt Michael Soulé 《Conservation biology》2021,35(6):1882-1893
There has been much recent interest in the concept of rewilding as a tool for nature conservation, but also confusion over the idea, which has limited its utility. We developed a unifying definition and 10 guiding principles for rewilding through a survey of 59 rewilding experts, a summary of key organizations’ rewilding visions, and workshops involving over 100 participants from around the world. The guiding principles convey that rewilding exits on a continuum of scale, connectivity, and level of human influence and aims to restore ecosystem structure and functions to achieve a self-sustaining autonomous nature. These principles clarify the concept of rewilding and improve its effectiveness as a tool to achieve global conservation targets, including those of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Finally, we suggest differences in rewilding perspectives lie largely in the extent to which it is seen as achievable and in specific interventions. An understanding of the context of rewilding projects is the key to success, and careful site-specific interpretations will help achieve the aims of rewilding. 相似文献
130.
M. Ende Maria Edens Gerda Post Hanna Niedringhaus Sabine Schwietert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1992,4(4):211-213
Various paper products and cardboard containers produced from bleached or unbleached cellulose and from recycled paper were investigated. In coffee filters and milk cartons manufactured from chlorine-bleached cellulose, the amount of tetrachlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans of the sum of the to xicity equivalents (TEQ) exceeds 90%. The use of unbleached or not chlorinebleached cellulose leads to products with significantly lower concentrations of PCDD/F congeners. However, the contents of higher chlorinated dibenzodioxins are higher in these products. In products from recycled paper, both the more toxic lower chlorinated PCDD/F with the pattern typical for chlorine bleached cellulose and high contents of higher chlorinated PCDD/F can be detected. The use of recycled paper for manufacturing kitchen tissues, paper serviettes, and paper handkerchiefs should be critically re-examined. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00HP015 00003 相似文献