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421.
422.
F. Machatschki E. Hennig Hans Weinert R. Kräusel De Rudder 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1938,26(34):564-567
423.
424.
The distribution of ecological resources and their significance for males and females may vary considerably. Intersexual behavioural
interactions may lead, combined with particular resource configurations, to sexual spatial segregation. We investigated this
issue relative to host plant use in females of the purple-edged copper butterfly, Lycaena hippothoe. Males exhibited nectar resource-based territoriality, which is an uncommon mate-locating system in butterflies. They perched
and patrolled in large territories harassing every passing female. In our study system, the percentage of spatial dimension
shared for adult and larval resources was estimated at 50%, and males monopolised 28% of the nectar-rich zones. Under these
conditions of harassment, females travelled between nectar-rich zones for feeding and zones with suitable host plants for
egg laying, but often without nectar and hence with low male density. This is likely to limit their time budget and, potentially,
their realised fecundity as suggested by the low number of eggs found relative to population size. Females were also highly
specialised in selecting host plants under particular environmental conditions. Using test choice in experimental cages, we
showed that, in the absence of males, only micro-climatic conditions may significantly influencing egg-laying decisions. Moreover,
results of egg-rearing experiments under different temperature treatments suggested that eggs were laid in thermally suitable
micro-environments. The highly selective egg-laying behaviour can be viewed as a preference-performance choice. Knowledge
of individuals' behaviour, including sexual interactions, can be highly significant for our understanding of habitat use,
which in turn can be essential for conservation. We discuss this for L. hippothoe, a species of regional conservation concern. 相似文献
425.
Aleksander Astel Vasil Simeonov Hans Puxbaum 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3201-3208
The present study deals with the application of N-way factor analysis for modeling and interpretation of a three-dimensional environmental data set acquired from monitoring of particulate matter (PM) collected at four different sampling locations in Lower Austria region (Central Europe). In the study the Tucker3 algorithm for N-way modeling was used. It was statistically validated that the Tucker3 model offered having the dimensionality [222] is appropriate for correct interpretation of the relationships between chemical parameters, sampling locations and sampling period. The Tucker3 model allowed to distinguish three major sources of pollution in the region of interest conditionally named “soil dust”, “combustion” and “street dust” latent factors as responsible for chemical profile of PM and to identify seasonal variability. Additionally, some specificity of the sampling locations was also pointed out. 相似文献
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Hans Fricke Karen Hissmann Rainer Froese Jürgen Schauer Raphael Plante Sebastian Fricke 《Marine Biology》2011,158(7):1511-1522
Between 1986 and 2009 nine submersible and remote-operated vehicle expeditions were carried out to study the population biology
of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae in the Comoro Islands, located in the western Indian Ocean. Latimeria live in large overlapping home ranges that can be occupied for as long as 21 years. Most individuals are confined to relatively
small home ranges, resting in the same caves during the day. One hundred and forty five coelacanths are individually known,
and we estimate the total population size of Grande Comore as approximately 300–400 adult individuals. The local population
inhabiting a census area along an 8-km section of coastline remained stable for at least 18 years. Using LASER-assisted observations,
we recorded length frequencies between 100 and 200 cm total length and did not encounter smaller-bodied individuals (<100 cm
total length). It appears that coelacanth recruitment in the observation areas occur mainly by immigrating adults. We estimate
that the mean numbers of deaths and newcomers are 3–4 individuals per year, suggesting that longevity may exceed 100 years.
The domestic fishery represents a threat to the long-term survival of coelacanths in the study area. Recent changes in the
local fishery include a decrease in the abundance of the un-motorized canoes associated with exploitation of coelacanths and
an increase in motorized canoes. Exploitation rates have fallen in recent years, and by 2000, had fallen to lowest ever reported.
Finally, future fishery developments are discussed. 相似文献
428.
Tobias Mette Axel Albrecht Christian Ammer Peter Biber Ulrich Kohnle Hans Pretzsch 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(13-14):1670-1680
Forest growth simulators go beyond a mere tabulation of empirical measurements by employing biometric models that functionally describe the dependence of forest growth of the initial forest structure, growth conditions and management regime. This makes them very flexible and allows predicting growth reactions for unknown and/or complex forest growth scenarios. When simulation outcomes are to be used in silvicultural strategic planning, the results are of direct and delicate importance, and the correct simulator performance must be ascertained. This is especially so when the considered forest situation differs from the forest data used to parameterise the model (e.g. different geographical region).In this article, the forest growth simulator SILVA (version 2.2) was validated for 55 long-term experimental plots of mature mixed Silver fir–Norway spruce stands in southwest Germany (Picea abies, Abies alba). The evaluation was restricted to the upper canopy trees during the survey period 1989–2004. Following the general evaluation criteria for ecological models from [Vanclay, J.K., Skovsgaard, J.P., 1997. Evaluating forest growth models. Ecol. Mod. 98, 1–12], a specific methodology was developed to evaluate the simulated height and diameter growth on the basis of forest growth principles.The qualitative analysis proved the SILVA growth algorithms to be in accordance with physiologically based standard growth equations. The quantitative evaluation was limited by incomplete knowledge of the site conditions. To overcome this problem, the experimental plots were regarded as a “heterogeneous growth series” which allows analysing the growth behaviour in a more general way. It could be shown that for the given data set, the SILVA simulations produced an overestimation of height growth (median: +61% spruce, +12% fir), and an underestimation of diameter growth and competition sensitivity (median: ?16% spruce, ?70% fir). The errors partially compensated in the volume growth resulting in an overall over-/underestimation of +9% for spruce and ?58% for fir (median).The unbalanced height and diameter growth cannot be compensated by a change in the site conditions because this affects both height and diameter growth either positive or negative. Hence, an adjustment of selected parameterisation values appears to offer the best solution to adapt SILVA to the considered forest situation. This approach of adaptive parameterisation is discussed against a more general background of deductive vs. inductive forest growth modelling. 相似文献
429.
430.