Climate Change and Local Pollution Effects – An Integrated Approach

Few studies on measures for mitigation of damage caused by man-made emissions to the environment have tried to consider all major effects. We illustrate the importance of an integrated approach by estimating costs and benefits of a proposed energy saving program for Hungary, originally designed to reduce CO2 emissions. The dominant benefit of implementing the program is likely to be reduced health damage from local pollutants. Also reduced costs of material damage and to a lesser extent vegetation damage contribute to make the net benefit considerable. Compared to the reduction in these local and regional effects, the benefits from reducing greenhouse gases are likely to be minor. Since local effects in general occur much earlier after measures have been implemented than effects of increased emissions of greenhouse gases, inclusion of local effects makes evaluation of climate policy less dependent on the choice of discount rate. In our opinion, similar results are likely for many measures originally designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases particularly in some areas in developing countries with high local pollution levels. Main uncertainties in the analysis, e.g. in the relationships between damage and pollution level, are discussed.     

参与式管理解决冲突:遥感和GIS用作瑞典北部驯鹿业土地利用需求信息交流的工具

在解决复杂的土地管理问题时,对短缺或者有争执的资源进行地理评估有助于不同利益相关者之间沟通认识和增进理解.本文中,我们说明如何使用遥感和GIS收集和汇总瑞典北部驯鹿放牧者和其他土地使用者(林业、采矿业、旅游业等等)的土地使用活动及使用模式的信息.该项目主要基于最终的土地使用者,即驯鹿放牧者们所做的工作,体现了面向土地使用者的新的努力.发展驯鹿业的土地利用规划的基础有以下几个方面:收集并数字化传统的驯鹿栖息地生态学和景观信息将这些信息与来自野外调查及基于人造卫星观测的植被分类结果整合;绘制其他土地使用者的活动情况图.最终的土地利用规划提供的信息有利于驯鹿放牧者与其他利益相关者之间的磋商,并有助于驯鹿管理实施.该项目可作为一种大众参与和计划编制的模式,从而使本土信息和先进的遥感技术融入一个交互式的过程中.     

瑞典四大湖泊的形态测量学与水文学特征

瑞典的四大湖泊,维纳恩湖、韦特恩湖、梅拉伦湖和哈马伦湖,都属于构造成因,具有多种方向的断层裂缝,极大地影响着湖泊底部的地形特征与次级湖盆的形成.这四大湖泊都多次受到冰川活动的影响,其中最近一次冰川活动大约在10000年前开始从瑞典中部退缩.同时,这四大湖泊之间还存在着许多明显的差异,主要表现在湖泊的形状、大小以及流域面积和湖体大小之间的关系等方面.本文主要讨论这些湖泊中与水生生物有关的一些过程,包括水量平衡、滞水时间、水温、各大湖次级湖盆之间的水交换及其内部水流运动等.并以维纳恩湖为例,讨论了污染、水交换和养分保持之间的联系.