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11.
Ballach HJ Wittig R Wulff S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(2):136-142
The present study is an example of the historical monitoring of heavy metals. The specific question it aims to explore is: to what extent has the lead content of selected organisms used for biomonitoring in Frankfurt/Main—one of the cities in Germany most heavily affected by automobile traffic—changed as a result of legislation on leaded gasoline?
Data on the lead content of the moss speciesBryum argenteum Hedw. from the years 1974, 1975 and 1978 and data on the lead content of the outer bark of the ash speciesFraxinus excelsior L. from 1973 served as the basis for the repeated measurements. Remeasurement was successful in 76.5% (i.e. 124 trees at 26 growth sites). The study produced the following results:
相似文献
- ? As was expected, the lead content of the short-term accumulatorBryum argenteum Hedw. was distinctly lowered with a decreasing particulate lead concentration. However, the reduction factor varied greatly between the different growth sites.
- ? On the other hand, the lead content measured in the outer bark layers ofFraxinus excelsior L. has risen markedly during the past two decades. Whereas in 1973 nearly all trees examined displayed very low concentrations of lead (< 38 ppm), only 9.5% were still in this category in 1997 and nearly 30% exhibited high or even unacceptable lead concentrations (< 150 ppm → > 225 ppm). Various factors have to be taken into account to explain this increase. First of all, bark is a long-term accumulator for heavy metals like lead and its enrichment capacity could have increased as the surface becomes rougher over time. Furthermore, lead is most probably leached out of the bark to a lesser degree now than in the 1970s, owing to the reduced concentration of sulphuric acid in the rain. The dramatic growth of automobile traffic in the Frankfurt/Main area during the period covered by the study undoubtedly plays an important role as well.
12.
The crystal structure of PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, C(12)H(6)Cl(4)), a dioxin-like PCB congener, is described. The dihedral angle of PCB 77 is 43.94(6) degrees, which is slightly larger than calculated or experimental dihedral angles of biphenyl derivatives in solution but smaller than experimental dihedral angles in the gas phase. 相似文献
13.
Lehmler HJ 《Chemosphere》2005,58(11):1471-1496
In the past years there has been a growing interest in fluorinated persistent organic pollutants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonamides, perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols. Although these compounds have probably been present in the environment for many decades, we are only now beginning to realize that these environmental contaminants may have serious environmental and health effects. This article gives a state-of-the-art review of synthetic approaches that have been employed for the synthesis of these environmentally relevant fluorinated compounds. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives, in particular, pose a problem because only a few perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives are available from commercial sources--a fact that limits the ability of researchers worldwide to further study these compounds. Because of the limited literature available, this article also describes synthetic approaches for shorter chain homologues or perfluoroether analogues that can potentially be applied for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives. The preparation of typical starting materials for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives such as the perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides and chlorides will be discussed. Subsequently, their conversion into relevant perfluoroalkane sulfonate salts (R(F)SO3M), sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NH2), N-alkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NHR, R = alkyl), N,N-dialkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NR2, R = alkyl), sulfonamidoethanol (R(F)SO2NRCH2CH2OH, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) and sulfonamidoacetates (R(F)SO2NRCH2CO2H, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) will be described. Many perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols are available from commercial sources. The review of the synthesis of these two classes of fluorinated compounds includes a review of their industrial synthesis and the synthesis of relevant degradation products. 相似文献
14.
Kuhn A Ballach HJ Wittig R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(1):22-32
Cuttings of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen were cultivated in sand treated with one of the following PAHs: phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The PAHs were applied at varying levels of concentration to each test series. After 6 weeks the concentration and the distribution of the PAHs in the substrate of the various sets of tests were compared with the concentration in the substrate of the control. Additionally the substrate and the plant roots were tested for evidence of degradation products of PAHs. The results revealed that the levels of concentration of Phen and Pyr detected in the substrate surrounding the roots was in some cases significantly lower than in the corresponding section of substrate in the unplanted set (= control). This phenomenon did not occur for Flt and BaP and in the case of Chr only in those substrates, which had been treated with the highest levels of concentration. As the presence of lesser amounts of Phen and Pyr in the plant pots cannot only be attributed to their accumulation and metabolism in the roots, it is fair to assume that the chemical transformation of these three PAHs took place outside the roots. The set of tests treated with Phen revealed the presence of 2- or 3-hydroxy-Phen (main components), a hydroxy-methoxy-Phen, 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone and one unidentified compound in metabolite form. Altogether eleven metabolites of Pyr were identified in the root extracts, which can be divided into three groups: 1-Hydroxy-Pyr and derivatives, dihydroxy-Pyr and derivatives and ring fission products (4-Hydroxy-Pyr and a derivative of the 4-Phen-carbonic acid). However, the metabolite mass detected for Phen and Pyr represents only an insignificant percentage in comparison with the lesser amounts of PAHs observed in the planted set of tests. This indicates that the three PAHs were reduced to lower molecular compounds, which are methodically impossible to record, and subsequently translocated to other parts of the plant and integrated into the biomass. Although no lesser amount for Flt and BaP was found in the plant pots, 1-Hydroxy-Flt, an unidentified compound of Flt and 1-Methoxy-BaP were detected. These are presumably end products which were enhanced in the roots. It was not possible to identify any transformation products of Chr. It can be assumed that the majority of metabolites were not synthesised in the roots but are a result of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere. The test plants improved the conditions for the biotransformation of Phen and Pyr significantly and accumulated Flt, Pyr, Chr and BaP in their roots. It can therefore be concluded that the use of plants in the bioremediation of contaminated soils is a promising option. 相似文献
15.
Professor Dr med. Uwe Claussen Renate Ulmer Ernst Beinder Hans-Joachim Voigt 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(12):1085-1093
Rapid karyotyping in the second and third trimesters has important implications for the management of pregnancies at risk. From September 1985 to March 1992, 735 amniotic fluid samples sent to our laboratory for rapid karyotyping from 64 different diagnostic centres of the Federal Republic of Germany were included in a comparative study on harvesting for chromosome analysis using the ‘pipette method’ or the ‘in situ’ technique. The average time between preparation of the amniotic fluid and verbal notification of the analysed karyotype was 5·41 days. The ‘pipette method’ needed on average 4·65 days, and the ‘in situ’ technique 5·97 days. In comparison with other more invasive techniques available for rapid karyotyping such as cordocentesis and placental biopsy, amniocentesis and subsequent chromosome harvesting using the ‘pipette method’ and/or the ‘in situ’ technique proved very useful and efficient. The overall incidence of chromosome aberrations was 15·3 per cent. The high rate of structural chromosome aberrations and uncommon aneuploidies found in our investigation (12 per cent) indicates that for rapid karyotyping in the second and third trimesters, conventional cytogenetic techniques cannot be replaced by faster techniques based on fluorescent in situ hybridization on interphase cells in the near future. 相似文献
16.
17.
Medilanski E Chuan L Mosler HJ Schertenleib R Larsen TA 《Environmental management》2007,39(5):648-662
We conducted a study of the institutional barriers to introducing urine source separation in the urban area of Kunming, China.
On the basis of a stakeholder analysis, we constructed stakeholder diagrams showing the relative importance of decision-making
power and (positive) interest in the topic. A hypothetical decision-making process for the urban case was derived based on
a successful pilot project in a periurban area. All our results were evaluated by the stakeholders. We concluded that although
a number of primary stakeholders have a large interest in testing urine source separation also in an urban context, most of
the key stakeholders would be reluctant to this idea. However, the success in the periurban area showed that even a single,
well-received pilot project can trigger the process of broad dissemination of new technologies. Whereas the institutional
setting for such a pilot project is favorable in Kunming, a major challenge will be to adapt the technology to the demands
of an urban population. Methodologically, we developed an approach to corroborate a stakeholder analysis with the perception
of the stakeholders themselves. This is important not only in order to validate the analysis but also to bridge the theoretical
gap between stakeholder analysis and stakeholder involvement. We also show that in disagreement with the assumption of most
policy theories, local stakeholders consider informal decision pathways to be of great importance in actual policy-making. 相似文献
18.
Duquesne S Newton LC Giusti L Marriott SB Stärk HJ Bird DJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,143(2):187-196
Levels of heavy-metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) in suspended particulate and in surface and subsurface sediments were determined at seven locations in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Sediment metal concentrations were highest at sites close to industrial centres but levels have decreased significantly over the last 30 years so that they are now close to, or meet, environmental quality guidelines. The greatest metal concentrations in deposited sediments were usually associated with the finest particulates at locations with muddy sediments, but this was not always true at sites with predominantly sandy sediments. The metals bound to suspended particulates at all sites were remarkably consistent, presumably reflecting the mixing capacity of this macro-tidal estuary. The re-exposure of older, more contaminated sediments could explain the observed differences between deposited and suspended material. Sediment redistribution due to strong seasonal currents might also explain the differences between winter and summer samples. 相似文献
19.
Dhakal Ram Li Xueshu Parkin Sean R. Lehmler Hans-Joachim 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(9):8905-8925
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants implicated in a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer and noncancer... 相似文献
20.
Bartłomiej Milanowski Janina Lulek Hans-Joachim Lehmler Izabela Kania-Korwel 《Environment international》2010,36(8):884-892
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are present in the environment as complex mixtures, which make it challenging to identify PCB congeners that may be subject to active transport processes. Here we employ a transgenic mouse model in combination with multivariate analyses to investigate if chiral PCBs 91, 95, 132, 136, 149, 174, 176 and 183 are subject to active (enantioselective) transport by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters. A synthetic PCB mixture containing these congeners was administered orally to female FVB or mdr1a/1b knockout mice. Due to the short half-life of chiral PCB congeners, mice were euthanized after 24 h and PCB concentrations and enantiomeric fractions were determined in selected tissues and excreta. Principal component analysis did not reveal differences between wild-type and mdr1a/1b knockout mice. However, Hotelling T2-test revealed significantly lower PCB concentrations and a more pronounced enantiomeric enrichment in the adipose tissue of mdr1a/1b knockout mice. These differences are due to higher body weights and higher fecal fat contents of mdr1a/1b knockout mice. Analysis of the enantiomeric fractions of PCBs 91, 95, 136, 149 and 174 showed a significant enantiomeric enrichment for all five congeners in wild-type and mdr1a/1b knockout mice. Overall, by studying a PCB mixture in a transgenic mouse model in combination with a multivariate data reduction approach, PCBs 91, 95, 136, 149 and 174 could be excluded as substrates of multidrug resistance transporters 1a/b. 相似文献