An assessment of endocrine disrupting activity changes during wastewater treatment through the use of bioassays and chemical measurements.

The objective of this study was to assess the removal efficiencies of secondary wastewater treatment processes for compounds causing endocrine disrupting activity. The study used bioassays and chemical measurements, such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and enzyme immunosorbent assays. A total of seven full-scale water reclamation facilities using different unit operations and two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors were examined. Findings of this study imply that estrogenic disrupting activity in primary effluent is mainly caused by two steroidal hormones (17beta-estradiol and estriol) and, to a lesser extent, by synthetic chemicals, such as bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. During secondary treatment, steroidal hormones were removed to a higher degree than nonylphenol and bisphenol A. The total estrogenic activity was removed by an average of 96%. The remaining concentrations of targeted steroids in secondary effluents, except for estriol, still had the potential to elicit a positive response in the human breast cell cancer assay. For the majority of facilities, the remaining activity was likely attributed to residual concentrations of two steroidal hormones (17beta-estradiol and estriol).     

Short-duration hydrothermal fermentation of food waste: preparation of soil conditioner for amending organic-matter-impoverished arable soils

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Soil conditioners can be used to compensate for the insufficient soil nutrition and organic matter (OM) of arable soils. However, the traditional...     

济南市土壤中酞酸酯的分析与分布

本文对济南市土壤中酞酸酯污染的重点地区进行了比较详细的研究，初步掌握了酞酸酯在土壤中分布状况及分布规律。     

Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain

The annual nitrogen (N) budget and groundwater nitrate-N concentrations were studied in the field in three major intensive cropping systems in Shandong province, north China. In the greenhouse vegetable systems the annual N inputs from fertilizers, manures and irrigation water were 1358, 1881 and 402 kg N ha(-1) on average, representing 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 times the corresponding values in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) rotations and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 times the values in apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards. The N surplus values were 349, 3327 and 746 kg N ha(-1), with residual soil nitrate-N after harvest amounting to 221-275, 1173 and 613 kg N ha(-1) in the top 90 cm of the soil profile and 213-242, 1032 and 976 kg N ha(-1) at 90-180 cm depth in wheat-maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard systems, respectively. Nitrate leaching was evident in all three cropping systems and the groundwater in shallow wells (<15 m depth) was heavily contaminated in the greenhouse vegetable production area, where total N inputs were much higher than crop requirements and the excessive fertilizer N inputs were only about 40% of total N inputs.     

AO-SBR短程硝化反硝化垃圾渗滤液预处理中试应用

针对某垃圾渗滤液处理厂现有氨吹脱预处理工艺存在的脱氮效果不佳、运行费用高、易产生二次污染等问题,开展了基于短程硝化反硝化的AO-SBR垃圾渗滤液预处理中试研究,考察了反应系统的脱氮效能,分析了氮素的迁移转化途径,计算长期稳定时预处理工艺的主要运行成本.在中试实验中,垃圾渗滤液进水氨氮浓度为1 000～2 500 mg?...     

植物对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤的修复

为了研究植物对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤的修复效果,本研究采取实验室模拟实验的方法,通过种植黑麦草、芥菜、苜蓿和高羊茅,进行Cd、B[α]P污染土壤修复植物的筛选。结果表明,芥菜和黑麦草对土壤中有效态Cd均有富集能力。黑麦草对B[α]P污染土壤修复效果比苜蓿、高羊茅的修复效果强,75 d时,平均富集系数最高为1.1。在Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤植物修复效果的研究中,选择在土壤中种植黑麦草,结果表明,黑麦草对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤中Cd和B[α]P 有良好地去除作用,75 d时,分别达到58.55%和89.95%。     

湘东丘陵区不同类型土壤活性碳组分的剖面分布与差异

土壤活性碳组分是土壤健康变化的指示器。选取湘东丘陵区3种不同母质发育的林地土壤（紫色土、板岩红壤和花岗岩红壤）,研究土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的剖面分布规律,并分析POC、DOC与土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤质地的关系。结果表明：土壤剖面POC、DOC质量分数分别介于0．29～3．87g·kg。和15．01～311．34mg·kg^-1,随剖面加深而大幅降低。土壤剖面POC储量介于8．61一16．54t·hm^-2,以花岗岩红壤最高,板岩红壤最低;而DOC储量介于380．76～1184．83kg·hm^-2,以板岩红壤最高,紫色土最低。POC占SOC的比例（POC／SOC）介于6．42％～46．25％,其中紫色土和板岩红壤POC／SOC随土层加深而降低,而花岗岩红壤则完全相反。DOC占SOC的比例（DOC／SOC）介于O．35％～3．02％,其中紫色土DOC／SOC随土层加深而降低,板岩红壤与花岗岩红壤DOC／SOC则以B层最高。由此可见,不同母质发育的土壤类型,碳库质量和脆弱程度不一。从维持地力和环境健康的角度,应对不同母质发育的土壤制定不同的开发利用方案。     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

中国饮水型砷中毒区的水化学环境与砷中毒关系

中国各饮水型砷中毒区的水化学特点受沉积环境和气候因素所控制,砷中毒的流行和发病程度与其地下水的水化学环境、水中砷的形态和价态有密切联系。在实地考察监测和对台湾、新疆、内蒙古、山西、吉林饮水型砷中毒病区环境和地下水水化学特征总结的基础上,系统分析了饮水水源中总As、As(III)、甲基胂、腐植酸与砷中毒的关系,揭示了不同病区病情差异的原因。研究表明,除台湾外,各砷中毒区均分布在干旱半干旱区;各病区多分布在沉积盆地中心或平原内相对低洼的地带,饮用的地下水均取自中新生代地层;砷中毒病情不仅与总砷含量有明显的剂量-效应关系,还与As(III)和甲基胂的浓度直接相关。台湾、内蒙古和山西病区地下水为富含有机质的复杂还原环境,水中不仅As(III)含量高,且检出有机物、腐植酸和甲基胂,新疆和吉林病区地下水为以无机砷中As(V)为主的氧化环境,吉林病区未检测出甲基胂,这是新疆与吉林病区患病率较低的主要原因。研究成果可为区域防病改水、砷中毒的预报提供重要技术支撑。