Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

城市湿地生态系统的结构特征及现存问题

对我国城市湿地生态系统的结构特征和存在问题进行了综述。目前我国城市湿地生态系统的结构特征表现为面积小、分布不均、空间结构和营养结构简单、稳定性低、脆弱性强,同时其形态结构具有显著的景观美学特征,但受水环境因素的制约性强。目前的主要问题是：湿地面积迅速减少、空间结构脆弱性加剧、环境污染加剧、生物多样性降低、生物入侵严重、生态系统稳定性下降、水土流失与湖泊淤积严重、规划设计不当、人为干预强烈。通过综述,将增加人们对城市湿地生态系统结构的深入认识,为开展科学保护、建设、开发、利用活动和促进城市可持续发展提供依据。     

Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ,part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation

The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants. Simulations show distinct seasonal variations, with higher surface concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM₁₀), column mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and NO₂, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in winter and fall than other seasons, and higher 1-h O₃ and troposphere ozone residual (TOR) in spring and summer than other seasons. Higher concentrations of most species occur over the eastern China, where the air pollutant emissions are the highest in China. Compared with surface observations, the simulated SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations are underpredicted throughout the year with NMBs of up to ?51.8%, ?32.0%, and ?54.2%, respectively. Such large discrepancies can be attributed to the uncertainties in emissions, simulated meteorology, and deviation of observations based on air pollution index. Max. 1-h O₃ concentrations in Jan. and Jul. at 36-km are overpredicted with NMBs of 12.0% and 19.3% and agree well in Apr. and Oct. Simulated column variables can capture the high concentrations over the eastern China and low values in the central and western China. Underpredictions occur over the northeastern China for column CO in Apr., TOR in Jul., and AODs in both Apr. and Jul.; and overpredictions occur over the eastern China for column CO in Oct., NO₂ in Jan. and Oct., and AODs in Jan. and Oct. The simulations at 12-km show a finer structure in simulated concentrations than that at 36-km over higher polluted areas, but do not always give better performance than 36-km. Surface concentrations are more sensitive to grid resolution than column variables except for column NO₂, with higher sensitivity over mountain and coastal areas than other regions.     

大莲湖生态修复工程对水质影响的研究

大莲湖是淀山湖水系中富营养化程度较为严重的湖泊,从2008年12月起,为了改善水质,重建大莲湖生态环境,采取了塑造地型、设计护坡、调整水系、配置植物、构建快速渗透系统等措施治理大莲湖,分析了生态工程完工后半年多来大莲湖水质变化状况;结果表明:经过生态修复后,其水质得到明显改善,COD、总氮和总磷分别比生态区外的鱼塘下降了68%、62%和74%;氨氮平均为0.27 mg/L,亚硝态氮平均0.02 mg/L,叶绿素a平均下降了72%。因此,将工程措施与生物净化方法有机结合在一起,并因地制宜地构建快速渗透系统是湖泊治理的一条有效途径,该修复工程的成功实施也为其他生态修复工程提供了技术支持。     

固体超强酸和金属氧化物类催化剂上CH4-SCR还原NOx研究进展

由于还原剂甲烷价廉易得,甲烷选择性催化还原NOx(简称CH4-SCR)被认为是最有潜力替代NH3-SCR的催化还原技术.现有的CH4-SCR催化剂中,分子筛类催化剂因催化活性高而被广泛研究,但由于其水热稳定性不好,使得非分子筛负载的催化剂成为近年来的研究热点,其中主要包括固体超强酸和氧化物两大类.综述了这两类催化体系在催化活性、反应机理及掺杂改性等方面的研究现状,比较了各种催化剂的优缺点,并对CH4-SCR的发展前景进行了展望.     

浅谈FCL氨法脱硫技术在小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用

以FCL氨法脱硫技术在太仓保利协鑫热电有限公司小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用为例,阐述了氨法脱硫的工艺原理、流程、工程实践中出现的问题及解决方案,并对其进行了技术经济性分析。     

电网建设项目环保管理信息系统的开发与应用

针对目前电网建设项目环境保护工作管理现状,利用可视化面向对象开发技术和图形化组态的概念构建出一个图形导航、树状导航相结合的环境保护工作管理信息系统软件。系统分为电网建设项目环境保护工作基础数据管理——项目管理、电网建设项目环境保护工作管理文件查询——项目环保文件查询和国家环境保护法律和法规等文件查询、常用文件管理四部分。应用结果证明,该系统基本满足了当前电网建设项目环境保护工作管理及信息化的要求,为电网建设项目环境保护工作管理提供了更加准确、便利的工具。     

废旧电脑资源化初探

介绍了采用风力分选工艺回收废旧电脑电路板中Cu,Sn等金属.研究表明,废旧电脑印刷电路板破碎到0.5 mm以下就可以使电路板上的金属和非金属物质得到充分解离.立式和卧式电路板中Cu和Sn含量总和分别约为20%和13%,且含有一定量的Fe,Pb和Ni.采用风选工艺可以回收几乎所有的Cu及约50%的Sn.     

时间因素在安全评价中的作用

安全评价的主要作用是为生产经营单位和监管部门准确反映系统的安全状态,为安全生产管理和监管提供决策依据,但目前的评价结果只能反映某一特定时刻的系统情况,而对未来一段时间系统安全状况的变化情况不能做出预判,如果能有效考虑时间因素,安全评价的结果将更加完善.     

氯乙烯储罐安全性分析

氯乙烯是被列入高毒物品的易燃易爆气体物质,液化氯乙烯由于其常温储存下蒸气压力高于大气压而在发生泄漏时容易引起火灾、爆炸、中毒等事故.氯乙烯储罐往往因为储存的物质量大而成为重大危险源.从国内现阶段法律法规、标准要求入手,分析了对氯乙烯储罐的安全要求,并以一具体储罐及其安全设施为实例,研究分析了储罐安全阀发生排放和储罐BLEVE等事故后果.并以此为基础,提出了本实例条件下保证储罐安全的具体要求.