三峡库区大宁河枯水期藻细胞的时空分布

本研究旨在为三峡库区大宁河藻华预警提供基础数据,于2011年4～9月期间在大宁河流域选择4个取样点开展藻细胞时空变化研究.藻细胞在时间序列表现为:4～9月,藻种主要以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,藻密度呈逐步递增趋势;在此期间4个取样点的蓝藻比重均逐步增大,硅藻比重逐步降低,绿藻比重变化不显著.藻细胞在空间分布上表现为:藻密度与水温和叶绿素呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.97和0.95,与光照、溶解氧、pH值和可溶性磷盐呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.87、0.83、0.82、0.82;菜子坝在整个试验期间0 m处藻密度比其他水层的藻密度高,白水河在6月和7月的2.0 m处藻密度最高,双龙在7、8和9月的0 m和2.0 m处藻密度较高,大昌在整个试验期间,藻密度变化不大;不同藻细胞在垂向水层中的比重也随时间的变化而改变,可能是不同藻细胞适合不同生态环境所致.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

Interface-mediated synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles with sulfate-reducing bacterium culture

We have created a new method of ZnS nanospheres synthesis. By interface-mediated precipitation method (IMPM), monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was synthesized on the particle surface of sulfate-reducing bacterium nutritious agar culture. Sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) was used as a sulfide producer because of its dissimilatory sulfate reduction capability, meanwhile produced a variety of amino acids acting as templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Then zinc acetate was dispersed into nutritious agar plate. Subsequently agar plate was broken into particles bearing much external surface, which successfully mediated the synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles. The morphology of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres and SRB were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermostability of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by thermo gravimetric-differential thermo gravimetric (TG-DTG). The maximum absorption wavelengh was analysed with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer within a range of 199–700 nm. As a result, monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with an average diameter of 80 nm. Maximum absorption wavelengh was 228 nm, and heat decomposed temperature of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was 596°C.     

Interface-mediated synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles with sulfate-reducing bacterium culture

We have created a new method of ZnS nanospheres synthesis. By interface-mediated precipitation method (IMPM), monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was synthesized on the particle surface of sulfate-reducing bacterium nutritious agar culture. Sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) was used as a sulfide producer because of its dissimilatory sulfate reduction capability, meanwhile produced a variety of amino acids acting as templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Then zinc acetate was dispersed into nutritious agar plate. Subsequently agar plate was broken into particles bearing much external surface, which successfully mediated the synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles. The morphology of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres and SRB were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermostability of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by thermo gravimetric-differential thermo gravimetric (TG-DTG). The maximum absorption wavelengh was analysed with an ultravioletvisible spectrophotometer within a range of 199-700 nm. As a result, monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with an average diameter of 80 nm. Maximum absorption wavelengh was 228 nm, and heat decomposed temperature of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was 596℃.     

不同类型湖泊沉积物中氮释放规律研究

通过对武汉市东湖子湖郭郑湖、庙湖以及南湖这3个不同类型的湖泊进行释氮模拟实验,结果表明:(1)在厌氧条件下,不同污染程度的湖泊中沉积物释氮作用均比较明显。为了抑制沉积物向上覆水释氮,控制湖泊富营养化,保持湖泊较高的溶解氧水平是必要的。(2)在厌氧条件下,高温对不同类型湖泊总氮和氨氮的释放均能起到促进作用。(3)沉积物与上覆水间污染物的浓度梯度越大,总氮和氨氮的释放速率与释氮量也越大,此时温度的影响不明显。(4)通过比较3类湖泊沉积物上覆水中总氮和氨氮两者的释放浓度可知,氨氮的释放贡献十分显著,因此控制氨氮的释放量对于控制湖泊氮释放量具有显著效果。     

2种生物反硝化法去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究

采用砂柱装置,在实验室研究了自养微生物和异养微生物2种生物反硝化方法对地下水中硝酸盐的去除效果。自养反硝化反应在以硫作为电子供体的硫/石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,异养反硝化反应在石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,进水增加乙醇作为外加碳源。实验结果用以比较2种反硝化方法在硝酸盐去除率、微生物反应动力学和反应产物三者的异同。结果表明,自养反硝化反应中NO3--N去除率达95.4%,异养反硝化反应去除率可达99.3%;分别与Monod微生物0级、1/2级和1级反应动力学方程进行拟合,2种反硝化反应均符合1/2级微生物反应动力学,适合用1/2级微生物反应方程描述;在反应结束阶段,自养反硝化主要反应产物SO42-出水浓度低于250mg/L,异养反硝化副产物CH3OO-易成为二次污染源,异养反硝化的反硝化速率明显高于自养反硝化反应。     

基于生态足迹改进模型的生态安全及其预测研究

由William Rees提出的生态足迹模型已经成为近年来生态可持续发展的重要的度量工具,但是该模型仅考虑了土地的基本生产功能,忽视了土地生态系统的服务功能。文章借鉴生态系统服务功能理论改进了传统的生态足迹模型,将生态系统服务功能价值当量因子引入生态足迹模型均衡因子和产量因子的计算中,改进后的模型体现了生态系统功能的完整性;同时,文章以江苏省2010年的统计数据为基础,应用改进模型计算了其2010年生态压力指数,结果表明,江苏省生态压力指数达到1.495,其安全状况已经超过了极不安全边界,处于极不安全状态;最后利用灰色理论GM(1,1)模型对其2011-2015年的生态安全状况进行了预测,发现江苏省未来5年生态压力指数快速增大,年平均增长速度为6.89%,表明江苏省未来5年生态安全状况将继续恶化,这将严重影响其生态可持续发展和经济可持续发展。     

北大港水库底泥盐分释放规律研究

底泥的盐分释放是滨海地区淡水库水质咸化的主要原因之一,而包括上覆水条件在内的多种因素可能影响到底泥的盐分释放。为了研究底泥盐分释放的规律和主要影响因素,采集了天津滨海地区典型淡水库——北大港水库底泥样品,测定了盐分含量,并通过室内模拟实验,研究了底泥盐分含量、上覆水水深、上覆水盐浓度以及扰动对底泥盐分释放的影响。调查结果表明,库区底泥全盐量为0.095%~0.818%,总体属轻盐化土和中盐化土,库心底泥盐分含量明显高于库周底泥。室内模拟实验表明,底泥含盐量越高,盐分释放通量越大;实验条件下上覆水越深,上覆水盐分含量越低,底泥盐分释放通量越大;上覆水扰动会促进底泥盐分释放。该研究认为,底泥盐分释放受底泥盐分含量和上覆水理化因素的多重影响,对其释放规律的研究有助于更好地解释滨海地区水体的咸化机制。     

生活垃圾中废塑料分选回收技术概述

近年来,废塑料在城市生活垃圾中占有相当大的比例,其含量正呈逐年上涨的趋势,因此对塑料进行分选和资源化利用势在必行。塑料分选技术是摆在我们中间的一项难题,目前生活垃圾废塑料的分选技术五花八门．由于在全国各地废塑料在垃圾中的还水量等因素的影响,现实中能实现废塑料的分选还不成熟。因此,研究一套适合废塑料的分选技术迫在眉睫。     

国家环境保护模范城市动态管理系统研究

按照创建国家环境保护模范城市的资料整编要求以及对环保模范城市持续改进的工作需要,本着方便查阅、体现过程、节约环保、突出特色的原则,研究构思了国家环境保护模范城市动态管理系统,以期为申请创建的城市提供参考。