我国石油工业环境保护相关法律问题

目前,我国对石油工业领域环境保护立法,采取的是特殊行业规制与一般规制相结合的模式。总体上看,我国石油工业环境保护领域已建立起初步的法制框架,但仍须进一步完善立法、执法、制订应急预案和建立信息公开机制等。     

涉外企业的货币经营风险管理

结合涉外企业投入与产出所处市场的分割程度或一体化程度,分析了当地企业、进口企业、出口企业或全球经营企业所面临的货币经营风险;对计量涉外企业货币经营风险的方法进行比较,认为管理层估计法对于计量货币经营风险以及制定相应的竞争对策有着重要作用;分别从金融性套期保值、经营性套期保值和营销策略等视角讨论货币经营风险的管理。笔者认为:金融性套期保值通过锁定涉外企业的外币现金流出或流入,可部分抵消涉外企业的货币经营风险暴露;经营性套期保值通过调整企业的经营业务并尽可能多地增加经营现金流,可从根本上提高涉外企业适应汇率变化的能力;通过影响涉外企业及其竞争对手所处的经营环境,营销策略有助于降低涉外企业的货币经营风险暴露。     

管帏冲击式除尘器的应用

介绍了管帏冲击式除尘器的结构及其捕尘机理。介绍了对该除尘器进行除尘和防淋雨性能测试的实验方法和装置。分析了实验数据，得出了相应的结论。     

青藏高原铁路沿线雪崩危险度评价方法

简要介绍了 3条进藏铁路的主要雪害 ,指出雪崩危险度评价对铁路选线和配置防护雪害设施有重要意义。青藏铁路的雪害主要是风吹雪 ,滇藏、川藏铁路的雪害主要是雪崩。雪崩的形成和发生的必要条件是一定深度的积雪和一定范围的坡度。笔者通过理论计算得出积雪的临界厚度和山坡的临界安全角度。在分析影响雪崩的主要因素的基础上 ,利用模糊归一化方法来评价雪崩的发生危险度 ,并引用国外方法来计算雪崩达到某点的概率。最后 ,指出雪崩评价方法需要改进之处和铁路选线时应注意的问题。     

通风系统安全可靠性评价研究与实现

矿井通风系统可靠性评价应能及时反映矿井通风系统可靠性的高低，为矿井通风系统的决策者提供有意义的信息，根据信息及时调整矿井通风系统，解决系统中存在的重大安全问题。准确、及时、可靠的数据信息是矿井通风系统安全部门进行技术管理和防灾救灾的重要依据，也是矿井通风系统可靠性评价的重要组成部分。在可靠性分析的基础上提出了矿井通风系统可靠性评价设计思想和软件的实现方法。     

鹤岗煤矿开采诱发地震研究

对鹤岗煤矿开采诱发地震的生成环境、活动与破坏特征及震源机制进行了分析，提出鹤岗矿震的孕育和发生受到人为采掘因素和区内构造应力场的双重作用。在特定的构造物理条件和地球动力学环境下，深部采矿使井下断裂构造从稳定状态逐渐活动或蠕动，致使局部活化。矿震具有震源浅、对地表破坏强的特点。震源机制表现出断层的运动方式有走滑断层，也有正断层和逆断层。     

基于W ebG IS的防震减灾系统研究与设计

开发基于新技术的防震减灾系统以更好地开展大中城市的防震减灾工作是地震工作者亟待解决的重要问题。详细介绍了所开发的基于W ebG IS和人工智能技术的防震减灾信息管理与智能决策支持系统。开发中,以A rcIM S为开发平台,建造了基于GM L(G eography M arkup L anguage)的3层B/S结构(客户端、服务器层、数据库层)的防震减灾W ebG IS体系;采用GM L描述空间数据,构建基于GM L的地理空间数据模型,实现异构数据间的互访;引入A gen t技术,构造出基于多A gen t的智能决策支持系统,通过一系列的A gen t来代替决策支持系统中的功能单元,并以“黑板”为中介,协同A gen t间的工作,以合作求解复杂问题,实现智能化的辅助决策。     

再燃法烟气脱硝技术

综述了再燃法烟气脱硝技术及其主要影响因素。通过对几种脱硝技术的分析比较，认为再燃脱硝是一种很有前景的脱硝技术，其投资和运行费用界于低NO。燃烧器和选择性催化还原技术之间，有喷氨条件下的先进再燃脱硝效率接近于选择性催化还原技术。总结了国内外对先进再燃脱硝技术各种参数影响条件的研究结果，并论述了该技术的应用要点。     

Prediction of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper availability to wheat in contaminated soils using chemical speciation, diffusive gradients in thin films, extraction, and isotopic dilution techniques

To predict the availability of metals to plants, it is important to understand both solution- and solid-phase processes in the soil, including the kinetics of metal release from its binding agent (ligand and/or particle). The present study examined the speciation and availability of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in a range of well-equilibrated metal-contaminated soils from diverse sources using several techniques as a basis for predicting metal uptake by plants. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in 13 metal-contaminated soils and metal tissue concentrations (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) in plant shoots were compared with total soil metal concentrations, total soluble metal, and free metal activities (pM2+) in soil pore waters, 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable metal concentrations, E values measured by isotope dilution, and effective metal concentrations, C(E), measured by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). In the DGT technique, ions are dynamically removed by their diffusion through a gel to a binding resin, while E values represent the isotopically exchangeable (labile) metal pools. Free metal activities (Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) in soil pore waters were determined using a Donnan dialysis technique. Plant Zn and Cd concentrations were highly related to C(E), while relationships for Zn and Cd with respect to the other measures of metals in the soils were generally lower, except for CaCl2-extractable Cd. These results suggest that the kinetically labile solid-phase pool of metal, which is included in the DGT measurement, played an important role in Zn and Cd uptake by wheat along with the labile metal in soil solution. Plant Pb concentrations were highly related to both soil pore water concentrations and C(E), indicating that supply from the solid phase may not be so important for Pb. Predictions of Cu uptake by wheat from these soils by the various measures of Cu were generally poor, except surprisingly for total Cu.     

Influence of canola and sunflower diet amendments on cattle feedlot manure

Cattle (Bos taurus) producers can replace a part of the traditional diet of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain/silage with sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) seeds or canola meal (Brassica napus L.)/oil to enhance conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) content in milk and meat for its positive health benefits. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of feeding sunflower or canola to finishing steers on cattle manure chemical properties and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content. The control diet contained 84% rolled barley and 15% barley silage, which provided only 2.6% lipid. The other six treatments had 6.6 to 8.6% lipid delivered from sources such as hay, sunflower seed (SS), canola meal/oil, and SS forage pellets. Manure samples (a mixture of cattle urine, feces, and woodchip bedding materials) were collected and analyzed after cattle had been on these diets for 113 d. The dietary source and level of lipid had no effect on organic N and nitrate N content in manure, but significantly affected ammonia N and VFA. Inclusion of SS forage pellets, hay, or canola meal/oil in cattle diets had no significant impact on manure characteristics, but SS significantly reduced the pH and increased propionic, isobutyric, and isovaleric content. In addition, N loss after excretion (mainly from urine N) increases with the pH and N levels in both feed and manure. The combination of SS with barley silage resulted in a lower VFA and NH3 content in manure and should be a more attractive option. To better manage N nutrient cycles and reduce NH3 related odor problems, feed and manure pH should be one of the factors to consider when determining feed mix rations.