渔阳太守张堪

侯风地动仪的发明者——东汉伟大的科学家张衡,早已广为人知。对于张衡的爷爷,很多读者却比较陌生。《后汉书·张衡传》里也只有7个字: “祖父堪,蜀郡太守。”其实,张堪在《后汉书》里也有传,记载也比较详细:张堪,字君游, 南阳郡宛县(今河南南阳市)人。父母双亡后,张堪将数百万遗产让与侄子, 16岁到长安学习儒学,品行出众,被老     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

Piezoelectric hydrogen production from aliphatic alcohols and acids in wastewater

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The growing energy demand in the context of climate change issues requires the development of green fuels such as hydrogen from water. Piezocatalytic water...     

Longevity of organic layers of vertical flow ponds for sulfate reduction in treating mine drainages in South Korea

This study was carried out to evaluate longevity of available organic materials used for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) activity in vertical flow ponds (VFPs) to treat mine drainage in South Korea. Spent mushroom compost samples (SMC) were tested as substrates in VFPs and analyzed for total organic carbon in VFPs, and were collected to analyze total organic carbon (TOC), T-N, T-P, K, metals and residual cellulose to check the longevity assessment. Chemical analysis revealed that the average contents of Fe, Al and Mn in SMC of VFPs were 19,907, 32,137 and 434 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of Fe and Al in SMC of VFPs were much higher than those of the unused SMC (control), but to the contrary, those of Mn showed a reversed tendency. Average TOC content of the controls was 64.19% but in one of the VFP substrates was as low as 15.92%. This might be resulted from SRB consumed the available organic carbon in SMC as VFPs system aged. Contents of T-N in VFPs tended to decrease as VFPs aged. The residual cellulose ranged from 3.88 to 6.72% (g/g). There existed a negative relationship between residual cellulose contents and ages of VFPs. Assuming that SMC in all VFPs had similar compositions when the VFPs were initially established, trend analysis predicted that the amount of carbon source for SRB might be available for 12-15 years further, depending on VFPs.     

太湖聚藻区水华易发季节沉积物磷的分布特征

为了探讨太湖聚藻区月亮湾在水华易发季节及前后沉积物磷的赋存及迁移特征,采用欧洲标准测试委员会框架下发展的SMT磷形态分级方法对月亮湾由冬季至夏季（1～7月）表层沉积物（5 cm）分层的磷形态分析发现,总磷和无机磷呈现逐渐下降的趋势,平均含量分别为53553和42590 mg/kg。但有机磷则在冬季至夏初降低,随后从夏初开始上升并于7月达最大值,平均含量为8772 mg/kg,是冬季的14～18倍,表明藻类聚集和沉降对表层沉积物有机磷含量产生显著影响。在监测的这几个月中,无机形态磷均于春季4月达到最大值,而且与1、6和7月表现出显著的差异性（P <005）。铁磷为无机磷主要形态,平均含量达到18686 mg/kg,占无机形态磷质量分数的4443%,且4月、5月和6月沉积物铁磷含量表现出显著的差异性（P <005）。其次是铝磷和钙磷,平均含量分别达到12949和9748 mg/kg,为无机形态磷质量分数的3118%和2318%,各月份沉积物铝磷含量表现出显著的差异性（P<005）,而钙磷却无显著性差异。沉积物中可交换态磷的含量虽然较少（平均444 mg/kg）,但其冬季至春季逐渐升高、春季至夏季逐渐降低的现象,表明在生长季节可交换态磷从沉积物向上覆水柱释放,为藻类复苏和生长提供物资基础。分析还发现,铁磷、铝磷和有机磷均与可交换态磷存在较好相关性,无机磷与总磷的相关性最为显著,表明研究区沉积物中总磷的含量与分布主要受控于无机磷     

山区的一种特殊灾害生态现象研究

山区泥石流发生后的泥石流滩地呈现复杂多样的生态过程,是山区所特有的一种灾害生态现象,在人烟稀少的较高海拔,泥石流滩地植物生长表现为一种自然恢复过程。通过贡嘎山东坡高海拔黄崩溜沟泥石流滩地上发生的灾害生态现象和过程的实地研究、发现泥石流滩地植物的生态过程和群落特征,可以揭示近代泥石流的形成时间和自然植被生态系统的演替规律。研究表明,加强泥石灾害生态现象的研究,可以促进灾害学与生态学科的渗透,具有重要     

关于防灾工程的投资决策问题

本文对研究防灾工程动态投资决策理论和方法的意义进行了阐述;对灾害的定义、灾害的共性、灾害的分类和开展一般性防灾投资决策理论和方法研究的可行性进行了讨论;阐明了防灾工程动态投资决策的概念和特点;提出了防灾工程的抗力、灾损度、灾害的灾害势等概念;提出了防灾工程动态投资决策准则。     

废水生物处理出水中溶解性微生物产物的形成机制与特征

废水生物处理出水中的溶解性微生物产物(SMP)主要产生于基质降解和微生物的内源呼吸过程,它的存在是影响生物处理出水水质和有机物去除率的一个重要因素,已引起人们的普遍关注.简单阐述了SMP的定义,详细探讨了废水生物处理出水中溶解性微生物产物的形成机制与特征.     

木质素盐在原油污染土壤清洗中的应用

木质素磺酸盐价格低廉,容易获得,若将其作为洗油剂中的牺牲剂,可较大幅度地降低洗油成本.以华北油田原油、华北平原典型表层土壤为模拟原料,配制了石油污染土壤,探讨木质素磺酸铵和木质素磺酸钠的洗油性能,以及木质素磺酸盐与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、曲拉通和平平加的复配效果.实验以碳酸钠和硅酸钠为助剂,经反复实验筛选,确定了4组最佳洗油剂配方：（Ⅰ）6（曲拉通）：6（平平加）：8（木素钠）：40（硅酸钠）：40（碳酸钠）;（Ⅱ）6（曲拉通）：6（壬酚聚醚）：8（木素钠）：35（硅酸钠）：45（碳酸钠）;（Ⅲ）9（曲拉通）：3（壬酚聚醚）：8（木素钠）：50（硅酸钠）：30（碳酸钠）;（Ⅳ）6（曲拉通）：6（壬酚聚醚）：3（木素铵）：5（木素钠）：35（硅酸钠）：45（碳酸钠）.以此配方为基础,利用正交实验设计对搅拌温度、时间、固液比和加药浓度等工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明：当搅拌温度75℃、搅拌时间50 min、固液比1：15、加药总浓度为0.3g/L时,洗油率可达92.25%.清洗后污油无明显乳化现象,且浮于液面,只须简单刮油即可回收.     

低温微生物环境污染修复技术研究进展

生物修复技术由于成本低、效果好、对环境负面影响小，且无二次污染等优点，受到普遍的关注，已成为环境治理的重要方法和技术。目前微生物修复技术多以常温微生物为主，而在自然环境中，占地表绝大部分的极地、海洋、湖泊以及高山和高纬地区的土壤等，其全年平均温度大多在15℃或以下，恰恰是低温微生物的最适生长温度。因此，以低温微生物为主的生物修复技术，在常年低温的极地、海洋、高山或高纬区域以及若干地区冬季进行污染物的生物降解方面有独到的优势。目前，以低温微生物为主体的低温生物修复技术已成了生物修复技术研究领域的热点。从4个方面讨论目前利用低温微生物所开展的低温生物修复技术的最新发展动态。