北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价

对北京市城区8个区和郊区10个区、县120个样点的饮用水中Cu, Hg, Cd和As的浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对北京市各区县饮用水中重金属所引起的健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明,城区8个区和郊区10个区、县重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cu:0.81～6.96 μg·L^-1,Cd: 0.34～0.82 μg·L^-1,Hg: 0.10～0.74 μg·L^-1,As: 0.19～3.02 μg·L^-1.通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,As在通州区所引起的致癌风险最大(2.0×10^-5·a^-1),Cd在昌平区的致癌风险最大(2.3×10^-6·a^-1), 但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10^-5·a^-1);在北京市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中,Hg的风险最大,Cu次之,但是两者风险水平均在10-8～10^-9·a^-1,远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平.     

基于流量和溶存浓度的河流水系氧化亚氮释放量估算

随着活性氮污染负荷增加,河流已成为许多地区重要的氧化亚氮(N2O)释放源.由于许多研究的监测数据较少以及现行方法存在中间参数估算困难和难以表达时空变异性等不足,估算河流水系N2O释放量尚存在较大不确定性.以浙江永安溪水系为研究对象,基于2016-06～2019-07对10个监测断面的逐月监测结果,分析了河流N2O溶存浓...     

土地利用对兴凯湖入湖河流水质影响及生态修复策略

兴凯湖是中俄跨境湖泊,其水质变化受到国际社会的高度关注,入湖河流水质状况对兴凯湖水质有着重要影响。以兴凯湖中国境内流域为研究区域,基于内梅罗污染指数法、方差分析、冗余分析、聚类分析等方法,分析兴凯湖入湖河流水质污染特征,探究流域土地利用结构对河流水质的影响,并据此提出入湖河流分类修复策略。结果表明：兴凯湖入湖河流水质为GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类~劣Ⅴ类,化学需氧量、总磷、高锰酸盐指数是主要超标因子;兴凯湖入湖河流丰水期水质整体优于平水期,大兴凯湖入湖河流水质整体优于小兴凯湖;兴凯湖流域土地利用对入湖河流水质的解释度在丰水期和平水期分别为52.31%和45.38%,耕地对河流水质产生负面影响,林地、水体对入湖河流水质起改善作用,而人造地表、草地在不同水期对入湖河流水质的影响不同。基于入湖河流水质、流域土地利用结构的聚类分析,将兴凯湖入湖河流分为生态保育型、生态修复型和综合治理型3种类型,并提出了具有针对性的治理与修复策略。

     

改性淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的捕集效果

以玉米淀粉为原料，经过交联、间接醚化、胺化以及cs：亲核加成反应，得到二硫代氨基甲酸基（DTC）改性淀粉（DTCS），并对其合成条件进行优化；考察了交联度、醚化温度、氯含量及胺化剂对DTCS捕集重金属离子效果的影响。优化后的DTCS合成条件：交联淀粉（CS）沉降积为30—34mL，醚化温度为80℃，氯质量分数为7．82％，胺化剂为二乙烯四胺。实验结果表明，DTCS对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋均有较好的去除效果，其对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋的饱和吸附量分别为0．85，0．83，0．65，0．74，0．47mmol／g。     

Methane production potential of leachate generated from Korean food waste recycling facilities: a lab-scale study

This paper examines the applicability of food waste leachate (FWL) in bioreactor landfills or anaerobic digesters to produce methane as a sustainable solution to the persisting leachate management problem in Korea. Taking into account the climatic conditions in Korea and FWL characteristics, the effect of key parameters, viz., temperature, alkalinity and salinity on methane yield was investigated. The monthly average moisture content and the ratio of volatile solids to total solids of the FWL were found to be 84% and 91%, respectively. The biochemical methane potential experiment under standard digestion conditions showed the methane yield of FWL to be 358 and 478 ml/g VS after 10 and 28 days of digestion, respectively, with an average methane content of 70%. Elemental analysis showed the chemical composition of FWL to be C(13.02)H(23.01)O(5.93)N(1). The highest methane yield of 403 ml/g VS was obtained at 35 degrees C due to the adaptation of seed microorganisms to mesophilic atmosphere, while methane yields at 25, 45 and 55 degrees C were 370, 351 and 275 ml/g VS, respectively, at the end of 20 days. Addition of alkalinity had a favorable effect on the methane yield. Dilution of FWL with salinity of 2g/l NaCl resulted in 561 ml CH(4)/g VS at the end of 30 days. Considering its high biodegradability (82.6%) and methane production potential, anaerobic digestion of FWL in bioreactor landfills or anaerobic digesters with a preferred control of alkalinity and salinity can be considered as a sustainable solution to the present emergent problem.     

渔阳太守张堪

侯风地动仪的发明者——东汉伟大的科学家张衡,早已广为人知。对于张衡的爷爷,很多读者却比较陌生。《后汉书·张衡传》里也只有7个字: “祖父堪,蜀郡太守。”其实,张堪在《后汉书》里也有传,记载也比较详细:张堪,字君游, 南阳郡宛县(今河南南阳市)人。父母双亡后,张堪将数百万遗产让与侄子, 16岁到长安学习儒学,品行出众,被老     

基于复杂网络的台风灾害演化系统风险分析与控制研究

基于复杂网络理论,提出了一种针对自然灾害演化系统的风险分析与控制的思路与方法。以"莫拉克"台风为例,构建了包含30个危机事件与39条连接边的台风网络演化模型;采用网络节点的出入度、子网节点数和包含节点的支链数进行风险分析,并确定关键节点,进一步提出断链方案和控制建议。结果表明:狂风、暴雨、洪水、山体滑坡、泥石流、交通堵塞和村庄毁坏等事件风险较大,是台风灾害系统的关键节点。据此提出建议:提高城市排水系统运行能力,加强交通系统监管和调度力度,启动农村人员安置和灾后重建预案。     

水-硅油双相体系对多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及鉴定

选用水-硅油双相体系驯化筛选降解多环芳烃的优势菌株。筛选体系为：50mL无机盐溶液＋10mL硅油。从74瓶富集液中,对降解效果明显的富集液进行多环芳烃降解率的液相色谱定量测定。对蒽的降解率最高为45%;对荧蒽的降解率最高为99%,几乎全部降解,对苯并[a]芘的降解率为27%。筛选到一株能够高效降解蒽、菲、芘、荧蒽的菌株,编号LD29,鉴定结果为矢野口鞘氨醇杆菌LD29（Sphingobium yanoikuyae LD29）。富集液Y12对5种多环芳烃的降解效果同样很明显。     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

Piezoelectric hydrogen production from aliphatic alcohols and acids in wastewater

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The growing energy demand in the context of climate change issues requires the development of green fuels such as hydrogen from water. Piezocatalytic water...