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111.
Harry Dwyer Alberto Ayala Sherry Zhang John Collins Tao Huai Jorn Herner Wilson Chau 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(29):3469-3476
The California Air Resources Board, CARB, has participated in a program to quantify particulate matter (PM) emissions with a European methodology, which is known as the Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP). The essence of the PMP methodology is that the diesel PM from a Euro 4 vehicle equipped with a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) consists primarily of solid particles with a size range greater than 23 nm. The PMP testing and the enhanced testing performed by CARB have enabled an increased understanding of both the progress that has been made in PM reduction, and the future remaining challenges for new and improved DPF-equipped diesel vehicles. A comparison of measured regulated emissions and solid particle number emissions with the results obtained by the PMP participating international laboratories was a success, and CARB’s measurements and standard deviations compared well with the other laboratories. Enhanced measurements of the influence of vehicle conditioning prior to testing on PM mass and solid particle number results were performed, and some significant influences were discovered. For example, the influence of vehicle preconditioning on particle number results was significant for both the European and USA test driving cycles. However, the trends for the cycles were opposite with one cycle showing an increase and the other cycle showing a decrease in particle number emissions. If solid particle size distribution and total particle numbers are to be used as proposed in PMP, then a greater understanding of the quality and errors associated with measurement technologies is advisable.In general, particle counting instruments gave results with similar trends, but cycle-to-cycle testing variation was observed. Continuous measurements of particle number concentrations during test cycles have given detailed insight into PM generation. At the present time there is significant variation in the capabilities of the particle counting instruments in terms of particle size and concentration.Current measurements show the existence of a large number of volatile and semi-volatile particles of yet-to-be-resolved chemical composition in diesel exhaust, especially during DPF regeneration, and these particles are not included in the PMP methodology because they are smaller than 20 nm. It will be very challenging to improve our understanding of this class of diesel particulate matter. 相似文献
112.
Harry J. White William H. Cole 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):239-245
This paper presents an evaluation of four gaussian (GM, HIWAY, AIRPOL-4, CALINE-2), and three numerical (DANARD, MROAD 2, ROADS) models with the tracer gas data collected in the General Motors experiment. Various statistical techniques are employed to quantify the predictive capability of each of the above models. In general, the three numerical models performed rather poorly compared to the gaussian models. For this data set, the model with the best performance in accurately predicting the measured concentrations was the GM model followed in order by AIRPOL-4, HIWAY, CALINE-2, DANARD, MR0AD2, and ROADS. Although the GM model provides by far a better simulation than any of the models tested here, it is skewed toward underprediction. As a screening tool for regulatory purposes, however, HIWAY model would be useful since this model has the highest percentage in the category of overprediction if the concentration data in the range of 50th percentile through 100th percentile are included in the analysis. The present version of the HIWAY model for stable and parallel wind-road conditions warrants modifications to improve its predictive capability. Current studies indicate that the modified HIWAY model can be used with greater confidence by the regulatory agencies. 相似文献
113.
James E. Carson Harry Moses 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):862-866
The ground level concentration of pollutants downwind of a tall chimney decreases as the effective height of the stack increases. The effective height of the stack is the actual height plus the rise of the plume center-line due to momentum and buoyancy of the effluent. Over twenty formulas to predict plume rise from stack and meteorological parameters have been proposed; none is uniformly accepted. In this paper, 711 plume rise observations were used to test the ability of fifteen of the published and commonly used formulas to predict plume rise. The plume rise data were obtained from single stacks whose heat emission rate varied over four orders of magnitude. None of the formulas tested was found to be significantly better than the others. Research was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 相似文献
114.
John W. Roberts Harry A. Watters Carl A. Mangold August T. Rossano 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):948-952
The paving of gravel roads with an average daily traffic (ADT) over 15 is a least cost method for reducing suspended particulate In the air in Seattle. It is also a good business investment when the ADT exceeds 100. Clean roads, gutters, and parking lots may reduce or eliminate Seattle’s most serious environmental constraint on economic development. In a study done in Seattle’s Duwamish Valley the impact of road dust on air quality was measured by obtaining dust emission factors for vehicles traveling at 10, 20, and 30 mph on gravel as well as dusty paved roads. A University of Washington Mark II Cascade Impactor was mounted on a trailer and towed behind a car to determine the concentration and size distribution of this dust. It was found that each vehicle mile at 20 mph on unpaved roads contributed 7.0 Ib of dust to the air, 1.9 Ib consisting of particles smaller than 10 microns in diameter and 0.24 Ib below 2 microns. Three to eight percent by weight of this respirable dust was free silica, which is potentially toxic. The quantity of dust generated varies as an exponent of the speed. The concentrations of dust found in the air near a dry gravel road with an ADT of 250 reached 584 μg/m3 for an 8 hr work day. A 24 hr suspended particulate reading of 463 μg/m3 total and 3.83 μg/m3 free silica was found beside a dusty paved road with an ADT of 18,000. Nineteen miles of gravel roads and 110 miles of dusty paved roads contributed 2700 tons/year of particulate, of which 700 tons were below 10 microns. Paving or oiling such roads will produce benefits of $3,881,000 yearly in household cleaning, health care, sewer, vehicle operation, and road maintenance costs as well as an increase in property values. Clean roads can lower the cost of clean air in Seattle. 相似文献
115.
Michelle A. Colledge Jaime R. Julian Vihra V. Gocheva Cheryl L. Beseler Harry A. Roels Danelle T. Lobdell 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):948-957
This study was conducted to derive receptor-specific outdoor exposure concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP) and respirable (dae ≤ 10 µm) air manganese (air-Mn) for East Liverpool and Marietta (Ohio) in the absence of facility emissions data, but where long-term air measurements were available. Our “site-surface area emissions method” used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) AERMOD (AMS/EPA Regulatory Model) dispersion model and air measurement data to estimate concentrations for residential receptor sites in the two communities. Modeled concentrations were used to create ratios between receptor points and calibrated using measured data from local air monitoring stations. Estimated outdoor air-Mn concentrations were derived for individual study subjects in both towns. The mean estimated long-term air-Mn exposure levels for total suspended particulate were 0.35 μg/m3 (geometric mean [GM]) and 0.88 μg/m3 (arithmetic mean [AM]) in East Liverpool (range: 0.014–6.32 μg/m3) and 0.17 μg/m3 (GM) and 0.21 μg/m3 (AM) in Marietta (range: 0.03–1.61 μg/m3). Modeled results compared well with averaged ambient air measurements from local air monitoring stations. Exposure to respirable Mn particulate matter (PM10; PM <10 μm) was higher in Marietta residents.Implications: Few available studies evaluate long-term health outcomes from inhalational manganese (Mn) exposure in residential populations, due in part to challenges in measuring individual exposures. Local long-term air measurements provide the means to calibrate models used in estimating long-term exposures. Furthermore, this combination of modeling and ambient air sampling can be used to derive receptor-specific exposure estimates even in the absence of source emissions data for use in human health outcome studies. 相似文献
116.
Tsuji LJ Manson H Wainman BC Vanspronsen EP Shecapio-Blacksmith J Rabbitskin T 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):293-306
Great concern has been raised with respect to the 13 traplines that constitute the traditional territory of the Ouje-Bougoumou
Cree located in the James Bay region of northern Quebec, Canada, with respect to mine wastes originating from three local
mines. As a result, an “Integrative Risk Assessment” was initiated consisting of three interrelated components: a comprehensive
human health study, an assessment of the existing ecological/environmental database, and a land use/potential sites of concern
study. In this paper, we document past and present land use in the traditional territory of the Ouje-Bougoumou Cree for 72
heads of households, including 13 tallymen, and use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to layer harvest/hunting and gathering/collecting
data over known mining areas and potential sites of concern. In this way, potential receptors of contamination and routes
of human exposure were identified. Areas of overlap with respect to land use activity and mining operations were relatively
extensive for certain harvesting activities (e.g., beaver, Castor canadensis and various species of game birds), less so for fish harvesting (all species) and water collection, and relatively restrictive
for large mammal harvesting and collection of firewood (and other collection activities). Potential receptors of contaminants
associated with mining activity (e.g., fish and small mammals) and potential routes of exposure (e.g., ingestion of contaminated
game and drinking of contaminated water) were identified. 相似文献
117.
Temporal trends (1990-2000) in the concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury in mosses across Europe 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Harmens H Norris DA Koerber GR Buse A Steinnes E Rühling A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(2):368-376
The European heavy metals in mosses survey provides data on the concentration of 10 heavy metals in naturally growing mosses. The survey has been repeated at five-yearly intervals and in this paper we report on the temporal trends in the concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury between 1990 and 2000. Metal- and country-specific temporal trends were observed. In general, the concentration of lead and cadmium in mosses decreased between 1990 and 2000; the decline was higher for lead than cadmium. For mercury not enough data were available to establish temporal trends between 1990 and 1995, but between 1995 and 2000 the mercury concentration in mosses did not change across Europe. The observed temporal trends for the concentrations in mosses were similar to the trends reported for the modelled total deposition of cadmium, lead and mercury in Europe. 相似文献
118.
Walter R. Hill Michael G. Ryon John G. Smith S. Marshall Adams Harry L. Boston Arthur J. Stewart 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):563-576
The effects of pollutants on primary producers ramify through ecosystems because primary producers provide food and structure
for higher trophic levels and they mediate the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants. Periphyton (attached
algae) were studied as part of a long-term biological monitoring program designed to guide remediation efforts by the Department
of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Complex on East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. High concentrations of
nutrients entering EFPC were responsible for elevated periphyton production and placed the stream in a state of eutrophy.
High rates of primary production at upstream locations in EFPC were associated with alterations in both invertebrate and fish
communities. Grazers represented >50% of the biomass of invertebrates and fish near the Y-12 Complex but <10% at downstream
and reference sites. An index of epilithic periphyton production accounted for 95% of the site-to-site variation in biomass
of grazing fish. Analyses of heavy metals in EFPC periphyton showed that concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel
in periphyton decreased exponentially with distance downstream from Y-12. Zinc uptake by periphyton was estimated to reduce
the concentration of this metal in stream water ~60% over a 5-km reach of EFPC. Management options for mitigating eutrophy
in EFPC include additional reductions in nutrient inputs and/or allowing streamside trees to grow and shade the stream. However,
reducing periphyton growth may lead to greater downstream transport of contaminants while simultaneously causing higher concentrations
of mercury and PCBs in fish at upstream sites. 相似文献
119.
Harry Podschwit Peter Guttorp Narasimhan Larkin E. Ashley Steel 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2018,25(3):325-340
Wildfire behaviors are complex and are of interest to fire managers and scientists for a variety of reasons. Many of these important behaviors are directly measured from the cumulative burn area time series of individual wildfires; however, estimating cumulative burn area time series is challenging due to the magnitude of measurement errors and missing entries. To resolve this, we introduce two state space models for reconstructing wildfire burn area using repeated observations from multiple data sources that include different levels of measurement error and temporal gaps. The constant growth parameter model uses a few parameters and assumes a burn area time series that follows a logistic growth curve. The non-constant growth parameter model uses a time-varying logistic growth curve to produce detailed estimates of the burn area time series that permit sudden pauses and pulses of growth. We apply both reconstruction models to burn area data from 13 large wildfire incidents to compare the quality of the burn area time series reconstructions and computational requirements. The constant growth parameter model reconstructs burn area time series with minimal computational requirements, but inadequately fits observed data in most cases. The non-constant growth parameter model better describes burn area time series, but can also be highly computationally demanding. Sensitivity analyses suggest that in a typical application, the reconstructed cumulative burn area time series is fairly robust to minor changes in the prior distributions. 相似文献
120.
Bunnell JE Tatu CA Bushon RN Stoeckel DM Brady AM Beck M Lerch HE McGee B Hanson BC Shi R Orem WH 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2006,28(6):577-587
In May and September, 2002, 14 private residential drinking water wells, one dewatering well at a lignite mine, eight surface
water sites, and lignite from an active coal mine were sampled in five Parishes of northwestern Louisiana, USA. Using a geographic
information system (GIS), wells were selected that were likely to draw water that had been in contact with lignite; control
wells were located in areas devoid of lignite deposits. Well water samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, organic compounds,
and nutrient and anion concentrations. All samples were further tested for presence of fungi (cultures maintained for up to
28 days and colonies counted and identified microscopically) and for metal and trace element concentration by inductively-coupled
plasma mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry. Surface water samples were tested for dissolved oxygen and presence
of pathogenic leptospiral bacteria. The Spearman correlation method was used to assess the association between the endpoints
for these field/laboratory analyses and incidence of cancer of the renal pelvis (RPC) based on data obtained from the Louisiana
Tumor Registry for the five Parishes included in the study. Significant associations were revealed between the cancer rate
and the presence in drinking water of organic compounds, the fungi Zygomycetes, the nutrients PO4 and NH3, and 13 chemical elements. Presence of human pathogenic leptospires was detected in four out of eight (50%) of the surface
water sites sampled. The present study of a stable rural population examined possible linkages between aquifers containing
chemically reactive lignite deposits, hydrologic conditions favorable to the␣leaching and transport of toxic organic compounds
from the lignite into the groundwater, possible microbial contamination, and RPC risk. 相似文献