西昆仑造山带花岗岩研究新进展

西昆仑造山带包括西昆仑山、喀喇昆仑山和帕米尔高原部分地区,是青藏高原有机组成部分.它位于古亚洲构造域与特提斯构造域结合部位,大地构造位置特殊,研究意义重要.区内岩浆活动强烈,花岗岩广泛出露.已有许多学者对该区花岗岩作过研究,但以往的研究基本沿中巴公路和新藏公路进行,并侧重于年代学方面,还没有从花岗岩岩石系列和成因类型(前人主要报道过钙碱性系列和Ⅰ型花岗岩)以及构造-岩浆演化等方面作深入研究.本次工作深入到西昆仑造山带腹地,对区内不同时期有代表性的22个花岗岩体进行了地质、地球化学综合研究,取得了如下重要进展和创新认识:     

蔬菜对重金属富集能力的研究--以广州蔬菜生产基地为例

通过调查广州蔬菜生产基地蔬菜地土壤和主要蔬菜重金属污染状况，运用数理统计方法研究和比较了不同蔬菜对Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As的富集能力。结果表明：各种蔬菜对重金属元素的富集能力与蔬菜生长特性以及与不同蔬菜对重金属元素吸收特性(遗传特性)的差异性密切相关，以富集系数表示蔬菜对元素富集能力高低，按平均值大小对不同蔬菜富集系数进行排序并分类。     

Probabilistic risk assessment for pedestrian–vehicle collision considering uncertainties of pedestrian mobility

Objectives: The uncertainties of pedestrian mobility are important factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of an active pedestrian protection system. This study is to provide the means for probabilistic risk evaluation of pedestrian–vehicle collision by counting the uncertainties in pedestrian motion.

Method: The pedestrian is modeled by a first-order Markov model to characterize the stochastic properties in mobility according to field experiments of pedestrians crossing an uncontrolled road. Based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution, unscented transformation (UT) is employed to predict the collision risk probability with the symmetric σ-set constructed on the basis of discrete trajectory simulation. Simulation experiments were carried out with 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations as the reference.

Results: The probability density distributions of time-to-collision, minimal distance, and collision probability estimated by UT coincide with the reference ones under various vehicle–pedestrian conflict scenarios, and the maximal deviation of collision probability from the reference is 5.33%. The UT method is about 600 times faster than the MC method (10,000 runs), which means that the proposed method has the potential for online application.

Conclusions: This article presents an effective and efficient algorithm to estimate the collision probability by using a UT method to solve the nonlinear transformation of uncertainties in pedestrian motion. Simulation results show that the UT-based method achieves accurate collision probability estimation and higher computation efficiency than MC and provides more valuable information concerning collision avoidance than the deterministic methods in the design of a pedestrian collision avoidance system.     

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Regional Water Use Profile Based on the Gini Coefficient and Location Quotient

Water resources have become a barrier hampering socioeconomic development. Changes in the spatial distribution of water use profile have direct impacts to regional water use efficiency. However, the related research is inadequate, and a more suitable way to analyze regional water use profile is necessary. The Gini coefficient and location quotient, two reliable methods commonly used in discussing the spatial distribution of elements, were introduced and calculated. Taking Gansu Province as the study area, the concentration effect of industrial water use was the strongest, followed by domestic, environmental, and agricultural water use. However, a balanced distribution of agricultural water use failed to be coordinated with the production conditions, the center of Gansu’s grain production should be established to enhance the scale effect of agricultural production. The industrial agglomeration effect remained weak, and each region’s dominant industries need to be developed vigorously. Gansu’s domestic water use was consistent with its population distribution, but it is necessary to reduce the water use gap between urban and rural areas. With a growing awareness of environmental protection, environmental water use exhibited a more balanced distribution. Overall, the methods are simple and have good applicability, and the results can provide a reference in water use optimization.     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

Monitoring the levels of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in passenger cars: Utilisation of car air filters as active samplers

Filters in residential and office air conditioning(A/C) systems have been used as sampling devices for monitoring different pollutants.However,cabin air filters(CAFs) in the A/C system of passenger cars have not been utilised for this purpose.In this study,we collected22 used CAFs from passenger cars in Hanoi,Vietnam to analyse for 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) and 10 organophosphate esters(OPEs).All the analytes were detected in more than 50% of samples with the exception of BDE153 and BDE154.The average concentrations of ∑_(10)OPEs and ∑_8 BDEs in the captured dust were 2600 and 40 ng/g,respectively with Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TCIPP) and BDE209 as the dominant congener in OPE and BDE groups,respectively.CAFs are a potential tool to qualitatively assess the levels of semi-volatile chemicals in suspended dust in cars as a screening step for exposure assessment of those chemicals.     

中央生态环境保护督察对经济短期影响的计量分析评估

学界和社会对中央生态环境保护督察执法对我国经济的长期利好均无异议,但对短期影响各方观点不一,其定量研究不足。我们利用宏观经济、金融监管和生态环境保护督察相关数据,从生态环境保护督察对财政收入、工业增加值和GDP等的影响方面进行了定量分析。最后提出,应正确认识和充分肯定中央生态环境保护督察对促进环境质量改善与经济高质量发展的积极作用和正向效果,保持战略定力,在后续工作中坚持分类施治、精细治理,并协同促进关停企业与就业转移,加大财政对环保产业和污染企业环保设备升级换代的支持力度。     

内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟微塑料赋存特征及质量估算

陆地径流中微塑料污染因其与人类联系更紧密已越来越受到人们的广泛关注,为分析内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟微塑料的赋存特征并对其质量进行估算,通过现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱测定和比例流量法等,鉴定了河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体和沉积物中微塑料的丰度分布、形状、颜色、粒径和化学成分,并估算了总排水干沟日输送微塑料的质量.结果表明,河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体中微塑料丰度值范围为2880~11200 n ·m^-3,沉积物中微塑料丰度值范围为100~292 n ·kg^-1;纤维状为最常见的微塑料形态,分别占据水体和沉积物的34.98%~70.39%和42.24%~58.56%;微塑料颜色以透明为主,分别占据水体和沉积物的46.43%~61.51%和40.41%~57.44%;微塑料粒径以<0.5 mm粒径最多,分别占据水体和沉积物微塑料的46.43%~61.51%和43.27%~54.79%;利用傅里叶红外光谱得出聚乙烯是最常见的类型（43%）,其次是聚苯乙烯（34%）和聚丙烯（16%）;通过估算得出河套灌区总排水干沟每天可向乌梁素海排放的微塑料质量达到116.06 kg,并在乌梁素海积蓄后产生严重的微塑料污染效应.本研究可为内蒙古河套灌区微塑料的污染提供参考和借鉴.     

株洲城郊农田土壤重金属污染特征与Pb同位素示踪

通过采集湖南株洲城郊农田区表层土壤（A层）,并分析其Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,研究了土壤中重金属元素的污染特征.为示踪这些金属元素的来源,选择农田区典型土壤样品及湘江沉积物、污染源区土壤样品,进行重金属元素含量和Pb同位素组成测定.结果表明,农田区A层土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量最高,分别为21.71、24.52、261.49、577.94 mg·kg^-1,且Cd、Pb、Zn元素之间显著相关,而研究区附近湘江水体和沉积物中这些元素含量没有增高,说明这些重金属不是来自湘江,而是可能主要来自冶炼厂;铅同位素显示,冶炼厂附近A层土壤²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值（1.150~1.164）低于周边区域A层土壤（1.164~1.169）,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb值（2.108~2.122）高于周边地区（2.106~2.119）,说明受到人为污染的影响.从污染区分布空间位置和铅同位素源解析的结果看,农田区土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属的主要污染源是冶炼厂的冶炼烟气粉尘及与农耕活动有关的其他人为污染.