悬浮填料活性污泥法优化填料投配比试验

悬浮填料活性污泥法中试试验系统,利用某城市污水厂生产工艺回流污泥为系统悬浮污泥,探讨了悬浮填料投配比、投配方式和中试硝化效果之间的关系。试验结果表明,悬浮填料最小投配比为15%即可满足系统硝化功能的要求;悬浮填料的投配方式宜采用集中投配并布置于曝气池的末端,这样既可提高系统的生物膜量,又有利于硝化反应的实现。而且,控制适当的溶解氧浓度,悬浮填料的投加有助于同步硝化反硝化更充分的进行。     

厌氧-好氧生物滤池处理城市污水试验

研究了生物滤池处理城市污水的性能特点,结果表明:厌氧-好氧生物滤池去除城市污水中的CODCr、SS和NH4+-N等具有较好的效果,当进水CODCr、SS和NH4+-N分别为23、112mg/L和56mg/L时,水力停留时间8h,曝气强度在0·5~0·6L/(m2·s)时,CODCr、SS和NH4+-N的去除率分别在90%、80%和75%以上。     

精对苯二甲酸残渣的处理现状及综合利用

综述了国内外精对苯二甲酸（PTA）生产企业的残渣处理概况和残渣中有价物质的回收方法：提出了PTA残渣的控制和综合利用思路，分析了PTA残渣综合利用的经济效益。     

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液的负压蒸发预处理研究

采用负压蒸发法处理上海市某大型生活垃圾焚烧发电厂贮坑沥滤液,实验研究了沥滤液蒸发过程中冷凝液组分的变化特征.结果表明:生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液中含有高质量浓度的挥发性污染物,低碳醇和碳原子数不大于7的挥发性有机酸(VFA)约占沥滤液中有机碳质量浓度的50%;沥滤液直接蒸发可将原液转化为原液量的84%,不含氨氮,有机物质量浓度为原液的21%,且90%以上为VFA及低碳醇的冷凝液,以及有机物质量浓度浓缩了4.4倍,适于焚烧处理的浓缩液;通过蒸发处理,沥滤液的处理难度大大降低,蒸发用能可取自焚烧热能回收后的低温位热能,降低了蒸发处理的费用.      

加氢脱酸处理联合装置的环保改造

克拉玛依石化公司加氢脱酸处理联合装置由30×104t/a加氢脱酸装置和8.5×104t/a加氢处理装置组成。30×104t/a加氢脱酸装置于1993年3月投产,8.5×104t/a加     

应用T-RFLP技术研究五氯酚对好氧颗粒污泥中细菌组成的影响

研究了五氯酚(PCP)对好氧颗粒污泥处理生活污水的影响,借助末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术考察了PCP存在时好氧颗粒污泥细菌组成的变化.结果表明,PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,好氧颗粒污泥中微生物的种群数量随着PCP浓度的增加而逐渐减少,氨氮和COD去除率的变化与微生物种群数量变化相吻合.根据对PCP的敏感程度,好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物可分以下几类:①对PCP高度敏感的微生物,可能是Microbacterium或Streptococcus等以及2种未被报道的菌种;②对PCP中度敏感的微生物,可能是Corynebacterium或Nevskia等以及1种未被报道的菌种;③对PCP低度敏感的微生物,可能是Mycoplasma或Exiguobacterium等以及1种未被报道的菌种;④对PCP耐受性强的微生物,这类微生物主要是13个末端限制性片段(69、71、82、175、198、241、229、232、233、240、245、269、449bp)所代表的微生物,PCP浓度为30mg/L时,长度为82bp和175bp的片段的相对面积分别22.7%和13%,所代表的微生物已经演替为优势菌群.     

沈阳市降雪中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查

通过调查降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度,阐明了沈阳市大气中PFOS和PFOA的污染状况和污染规律.2006-02-06采集沈阳市区和郊区共计36个采样点的降雪样品,2006-02-25在其中5个采样点再次采集降雪样品.固相萃取融雪水中的PFOS和PFOA,利用LC-MS-SIM法测定样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度.全部样品中均检出PFOS和PFOA.2006-02-06降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值分别为2.0 ng·L^-1（范围：0.4～46.2 ng·L^-1）和3.6 ng·L^-1（范围：1.6～22.4 ng·L^-1）,95%置信区间分别为1.5～2.8 ng·L^-1和3.1～4.2 ng·L^-1.PFOS和PFOA的最高浓度同时出现在郊区采样点朱尔屯,市中心区2种物质的浓度呈显著正相关.2006-02-25的5个采样点降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值均为2.2 ng·L^-1.2次降雪中PFOS浓度差异不显著,2006-02-25降雪中PFOA浓度高于2006-02-06.结果表明,沈阳市区和郊区降雪中广泛存在PFOS和PFOA污染,局部区域可能存在共同的PFOS和PFOA污染来源;沈阳地区有较稳定的PFOS来源持续向大气中输送该类物质;PFOS和PFOA的环境行为可能不同.     

电厂噪声的监测与防治

噪声是环境污染的一个重要方面,它危害人体健康.电厂噪声也不容忽视,本文将对电厂噪声的监测和防治作一简要说明.根据规定,火电厂环境监测的监测项目为厂区、生活区环境噪声,在接近发电负荷时每年监测一次.监测时,在电厂总平面图上,将厂区生活区划分为等距离的网格.监测噪声的基本仪器是声级计.电厂噪声的防治措施有:在设计中充分考虑噪声的控制问题;加装消声设备;集中控制关键设备及位置的噪声;选择优质吸音与隔音材料;合理布置并增大绿化面积等.     

Estimation of bioaccessibility and potential human health risk of mercury in Chinese patent medicines

Mercury(Hg), mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar(2.5%–30.9%), the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower(0.037%). By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives(FAO/WHO) safety guideline, the average daily intake dose(ADD) of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.     

Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide

Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.