青岛市港口区域PM2.5污染特征及来源解析研究

港口区域因大气污染物排放量大且污染源复杂,已成为沿海城市大气污染防治的关键区域.为明确青岛港口区域PM_2.5污染特征及主要贡献源类,于2019年在青岛市3个港口区域和1个背景点位采集了不同季节的环境PM_2.5样品,并分析了其化学组分特征;同时,采用正定矩阵因子分析模型（PMF）和潜在源贡献函数（PSCF）分别分析了港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类及各源类潜在的影响区域.结果表明,2019年青岛港口区域ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为64 μg·m^-3,是我国空气质量二级标准的1.8倍,其中,董家口点位最高（74 μg·m^-3）,崂山点位最低（55 μg·m^-3）. NO₃^-、OC和SO₄^2-是PM_2.5的主导组分,其中,NO₃^-含量（13.1%）明显高于其它组分.董家口点位ρ（NO₃^-）、ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）（分别为13.0、7.09、8.98和2.91 μg·m^-3）明显高于其它点位,燃煤、工业特别是钢铁企业及货车等影响可能较为明显.同时,冬季这些组分浓度也显著高于其它 季节,而夏季Na的浓度（0.96 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.13%）明显较高;春季Si和Al的浓度（1.27和0.45 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.79%和1.00%）明显高于其它季节.PMF源解析结果表明,二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（22.4%）及二次硝酸盐（20.1%）是港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类,其次为机动车源（16.7%）和扬尘源（14.6%）,燃煤源的贡献率为13.8%,而海盐和船舶源的贡献为7.2%.从季节变化来看,春季扬尘贡献（32.1%）较高,夏季二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（31.6%）、海盐和船舶源（19.2%）贡献较高,而冬季燃煤（16.6%）、机动车（22.8%）、二次硝酸盐（23.9%）、钢铁及相关冶金源（3.2%）和建筑水泥尘（3.6%）贡献较高.河北省中南部及山东省中西部地区是青岛港口各 源类的主要潜在源区,黄海是船舶排放的主要潜在源区.     

可燃物化学性质对燃烧释放PM2.5元素成分的影响

通过自主设计的燃烧装置,对云南省6种典型乔木树种的不同器官(枝、叶、皮)室内模拟阴、明燃两种燃烧过程,收集燃烧排放颗粒物(PM_2.5)并测定K、Mg等8种元素排放因子,比较不同燃烧状态释放PM_2.5中元素含量的差异,同时分析各元素排放因子与可燃物自身元素含量之间的相关性.结果表明:可燃物中K、Mg和Ca元素含量较高,范围为(137.74~4670.70) mg/kg,微量元素Mn含量突出;阔叶可燃物元素含量普遍高于针叶,器官间元素含量差异显著;燃烧释放PM_2.5中K、Na元素排放因子较高,范围为(0.4269~4.9321)~(0.6311~3.0856) mg/kg,微量元素Zn较高、Cu最少,范围为(0.0409~0.3670)~(0.0029~0.0458) mg/kg,常量元素高于微量;树种间元素排放因子表现针叶高于阔叶,器官间较可燃物自身差异增大;燃烧状态对排放因子存在影响,常量元素普遍表现为明燃>阴燃,微量元素无明显规律;PM_2.5与可燃物各元素含量比值中,Na元素最高,其余元素占比普遍0~1%范围,微量元素含量比高于常量,针叶高于阔叶;可燃物的化学性质对其排放特性影响显著,可燃物与PM_2.5的元素间相关性较高,相关水平普遍达0.600以上,器官间不同元素相关水平表现为:常量元素普遍高于微量元素,针叶略高于阔叶,叶>皮>枝,明燃高于阴燃.     

Biofilm-overproducing Bacillus subtilis B12ΔYwcc decreases Cd uptake in Chinese cabbage through increasing Cd-immobilizing related gene abundance and root surface colonization

Biofilm-producing bacteria can decrease Cd uptake in vegetables, but mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly characterized. In this study, two mutant strains B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR were constructed from a biofilm-producing Bacillus subtilis strain B12. Then, the impacts of strain B12 and its high biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc and low biofilm-producing mutant strain B12ΔSlrR on Cd availability and uptake in Chinese cabbage and the related mechanisms were investigated in the Cd-polluted soil. Strain B12 and its mutants B12ΔYwcc and B12ΔSlrR increased the dry biomasses of edible tissues by 54%–130% compared with the controls. Strain B12 and its mutant B12ΔYwcc reduced the soil available Cd content by 36%–50% and root and edible tissue Cd contents by 23%–50% compared with the controls. Furthermore, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc reduced the edible tissue Cd content by 40% and increased the polysaccharide content by 23%, invertase activity by 139%, and gene copies of the cumA by 4.5-fold, epsA by 7.1-fold, and cadA by 4.3-fold, which were involved in Cd adsorption in the rhizosphere soils, respectively, compared with strain B12. The polysaccharide content and cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copy numbers showed significantly reverse correlations with the available Cd content. Notably, the mutant strain B12ΔYwcc showed better ability to colonize the vegetable root surface than strain B12. These findings demonstrated that the biofilm-overproducing mutant strain B12ΔYwcc increased the polysaccharide production and Cd-immobilizing related cumA, epsA, and cadA gene copies, resulting in lower Cd availability and accumulation in Chinese cabbage in the Cd-polluted soil.     

Location and migration of cations in Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite

Locations of Cu2+ ion in Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), supplemented by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the EPR spectra of Cu(2+)-adsorbed montmorillonite, three signals, corresponding to Cu2+ ion, have been simultaneously recorded. Some Cu2+ ions seemed to replace the original interlayer metal cations and some entered into the hexagonal cavities. A small fraction of Cu2+ ions penetrated into the octahedral vacancies. There were two ways for the adsorption of Cu2+ ion by montmorillonite--exchangeable and specific. On heating, the hydrated Cu2+ ion in the interlayer loses the coordinating water and then enters into the hexagonal cavities. When the heating temperature further increased, dehydroxylation occurs, which facilitates Cu2+ ion in the hexagonal cavities to penetrate into the octahedral vacancies.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery

Determination of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is complex because both contributions and savings of GHGs exist in the process. To identify the critical factors influencing GHG emissions from MSWI in China, a GHG accounting model was established and applied to six Chinese cities located in different regions. The results showed that MSWI in most of the cities was the source of GHGs, with emissions of 25–207 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. Within all process stages, the emission of fossil CO₂ from the combustion of MSW was the main contributor (111–254 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw), while the substitution of electricity reduced the GHG emissions by 150–247 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. By affecting the fossil carbon content and the lower heating value of the waste, the contents of plastic and food waste in the MSW were the critical factors influencing GHG emissions of MSWI. Decreasing food waste content in MSW by half will significantly reduce the GHG emissions from MSWI, and such a reduction will convert MSWI in Urumqi and Tianjin from GHG sources to GHG sinks. Comparison of the GHG emissions in the six Chinese cities with those in European countries revealed that higher energy recovery efficiency in Europe induced much greater reductions in GHG emissions. Recovering the excess heat after generation of electricity would be a good measure to convert MSWI in all the six cities evaluated herein into sinks of GHGs.     

工程建设过程中人为失误的原因分析及预防探讨

分析了工程建设过程中常见的人为失误,以及人为失误产生的根源,从技术和管理两方面探讨了人为失误的预防和控制措施,以期达到有效管控事件发生,确保工程建设过程安全的目的.     

Global Trend of Low-carbon Economy and China's Responses

Based on the analysis on the global economic crisis,climate change crisis and their mutual underlying reasons,the authors believe that low-carbon economy has become an inevitable choice to break through the dual crises,coordinate the economic development,and protect the global climate.The global trend of low-carbon economy finds expression in Green Recovery currently,while,in a long run,it will give rise to a new pattern of world competition in politics,economy,technology,trade and finance.The impact of the...     

大型锅炉房的噪声监测与治理

对大型锅炉房(燃煤、燃气、燃油)的噪声源进行测试分析．给出了隔声、吸声、消声量的计算公式．同时针对燃煤、燃油、燃气锅炉房的噪声污染．采取了不同的治理措施．取得了较好的治理效果。