电化学产电菌的分离及性能评价

利用兼性滚管法分离了折流板空气阴极微生物燃料电池(BAFMFC)A、B两格室的阳极生物膜,共获得19株纯菌.将菌株投加至无菌立方型反应器中,检验其产电特性.利用交流阻抗法测量各纯菌电池的内阻,结果显示38个电池的欧姆内阻为25Ω±5Ω,说明了各电池的产电差异来源于菌株本身的活性.其他运行条件均保持不变,在1000Ω外阻下,7株纯菌电池的输出电压在200mV以上.其中,A格室产电活性最高的菌株(A2)产生的最大电压为328mV,输出的最大功率密度为165.1mW/m2,B格室产电活性最高的菌株(B1)最大电压为241mV,最大功率密度为214.4mW/m2.原子力显微镜和脂肪酸快速鉴定表明,A2为肠杆菌科的杆菌,B1为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌.     

室内空气污染物及净化技术研究

针对人们关心的室内空气污染问题,分析了室内空气污染物的种类、来源和污染影响及避免室内空气污染应采取的措施,通过目前室内空气污染治理技术现状分析,比较了现有各类空气净化器处理效果,提出过滤、静电及光催化技术于一体的新型空气净化器的设计思路,并从安全评估、技术、标准、市场运营等方面提出促进空气污染治理技术市场发展的建议.     

高速公路雨水径流重金属污染初期效应

通过对8场降雨高速公路路面雨水径流中溶解态和颗粒态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn 4种重金属进行现场取样检测,在定性分析径流重金属污染初期效应存现的基础上,定量分析了重金属污染初期效应的显著程度,并探讨了降雨特征对径流重金属污染初期效应的影响.无因次累积负荷分数-累积体积分数曲线分析结果表明,大多数降雨事件中总重金属存在较显著的初期效应,除溶解态Pb不具有初期效应外,其余溶解态与颗粒态重金属均存在较显著的初期效应.少数降雨事件的径流在中后期存在二次冲刷效应.初期冲刷比值分析结果表明,拦截并处理径流初期25%流量(径流的体积分数,下同)可去除整个降雨事件中所排放的35%～39%(质量分数,下同)的重金属污染负荷.总重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序如下:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb;溶解态重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序如下:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb;颗粒态重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序为:Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn.重金属初期冲刷比值与降雨特征相关性分析表明,平均降雨强度对径流重金属污染负荷初期效应的影响显著,降雨历时、降雨量、前期晴天数和产流时间对径流重金属污染负荷初期效应的影响较小.     

Glucose production from hydrolysis of cellulose over a novel silica catalyst under hydrothermal conditions

A novel silica catalyst was synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and tested for the catalytic selective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. This silica catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic activity than other oxides prepared by the same method, such as ZrO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃. Using silica as a catalyst, cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with a glucose yield as high as 50% under hydrothermal conditions without hydrogen gas. The silica catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and textural properties indicated that the synergistic effect between strong acidity and a suitable pore diameter of the silica catalyst may be responsible for its high activity. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and showed excellent stability during the recycle catalytic runs.     

Efficient removal of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction

Naphthalene-2-ol is a typical biologically recalcitrant pollutant in dye wastewater.Solvent extraction of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions using mixed solvents was investigated.Various extractants and diluents were evaluated,and the effects of volume ratio of extractant to diluent,initial p H,initial concentration of naphthalene-2-ol in aqueous solution,extraction time,temperature,volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase(O/A),stirring rate and extraction stages,on extraction efficiency were examined separately.Regeneration and reuse of the spent extractant were also investigated.Results showed that tributyl phosphate(TBP) achieved 98% extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol in a single stage extraction,the highest among the 12 extractants evaluated.Extraction efficiency was optimized when cyclohexane and n-octane were used as diluents.The solvent combination of 20% TBP,20% n-octanol and 60% cyclohexane(V/V) obtained the maximum extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol,99.3%,within 20 min using three cross-current extraction stages under the following extraction conditions:O/A ratio of 1:1,initial p H of 3,25°C and stirring rate of 150 r/min.Recovery of mixed solvents was achieved by using 15%(W/W) Na OH solution at an O:A ratio of 1:1 and a contact time of 15 min.The mixed solvents achieved an extraction capacity for naphthalene-2-ol stably higher than90% during five cycles after regeneration.     

快速检测毒死蜱残留量的酶膜生物传感器研究

毒死蜱是一种当前使用广泛的中等毒性有机磷农药．采用传统方法检测毒死蜱．难以满足现场检测的需要。以戊二醛为交联剂．制备了一种基于乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶膜生物传感器．并将其应用于毒死蜱的检测。考察了不同pH值．戊二醛用量．工作环境温度对传感器工作过程的影响。结果表明．本酶膜传感器可定量检出浓度为1．64～20．52mg／kg的毒死蜱。     

城市街道汽车污染扩散规律模拟研究

如何简单而准确地模拟城市街区污染的扩散规律,对于城市汽车污染控制决策具有重要的意义,从大量实测数据,分析了风速风向等影响街道峡谷污染物扩散的主要因素,采用丹麦开发的街道峡谷模式ＯＳＰＭ,对汽车污染扩散规律进行模拟研究。与北京实测数据对比结果表明,该模式较好地模拟昼间风速风向对街道峡保内汽车污染扩散的影响,比较准确地反映了峡保中流场的主要特征,以及汽车排放污染物的扩散规律,污染物浓度与风速的倒数摈心     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

功能性介孔分子筛用于环境水体净化的研究

采用中性模板途径合成了介孔分子筛ＨＭＳ，并通过化学修饰手段在其孔内壁上接枝了γ－氯丙基三乙氧基硅烷，得到功能化的介孔分子筛ＣＰＳ－ＨＭＳ。考察了ＣＰＳ－ＨＭＳ对水体中三氯甲烷和苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明，其最大吸附容量分别为１９６ｍｇ／ｇ和１４８ｍｇ／ｇ，去除率高达９７％和９４％；和ＰＨ值对吸附量的影响不很显著；动态穿透曲线表明在ＣＰＳ－ＨＭＳ上的吸附为扩散控制。     

基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的城市绿地提取方法研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的一个重要子系统,在改善城市环境质量和居民生活水平方面扮演着越来越重要的作用。因此,如何及时获取城市绿地的分布及其变化,对于保护城市生态环境至关重要。本研究提出了一种基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的城市绿地提取方法,并珠海市为研究区域,利用Worldview-2遥感影像进行了城市绿地提取实验。结果表明,城市绿地提取结果比较理想,总体精度为94．09%,Kappa系数为0．94,但建设用地和裸地、城市绿地和建设用地之间仍然容易错分。