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891.
Effect of female molt stage and sex ratio on courtship behavior of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus
In many species, males and females actively participate in courtship, and the outcome of pre-mating interactions influences
the mating success of both sexes. Female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, mate soon after their final molt to maturity; thus female molt stage dictates the timing of mating. In a field experiment,
we manipulated female molt stage and sex ratio to test their effects on the courtship behavior of both sexes, if female behavior
influences the behavior and pairing success of males, and if male courtship influences male pairing-success. Early-molt-stage
females avoided males during courtship, whereas late-molt-stage females sought out males. As a result, males had to pursue
and capture early-molt-stage females whereas males displayed to late-molt-stage females and more easily physically controlled
them. Males sometimes abandoned late-molt-stage females, but this occurred more often when females were abundant. The rate
at which females avoided males was positively correlated with that of males abandoning females, and males that were unsuccessful
at pairing met with higher rates of female resistance than successful males, suggesting that female behavior influences male
pairing-success. Unlike unsuccessful males, successful males more often made the transition between display and maintaining
physical control of the female. At high male sex ratios, males initiated courtship more readily; thus both sexual competition
and female behavior influence male courtship in this species.
Received: 7 July 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1998 相似文献
892.
We examined larval response to a range of sharp haloclines and determined the effect of dietary conditioning on that response
in the sea urchins Echinometra lucunter and Arbacia punctulata. We reared larvae in the laboratory under a high or low concentration of either single (Isochrysis galbana) or mixed (Isochrysis galbana, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira weissflogii) microalgal species. For both species of sea urchins, rate of larval development was faster and age-specific larval length
and width were greater in high-ration than low-ration diets. We examined the distribution of two- and four-arm larvae of E. lucunter from each diet treatment and of four-arm larvae of A. punctulata from the high-ration diets in cylinders with experimentally constructed haloclines. In three of the halocline treatments,
the salinity of the bottom layer was 33‰ and that of the top layer was 21, 24 or 27‰ (21/33, 24/33 and 27/33) and in a fourth
one, the salinities of the bottom and top layer were 30 and 21‰, respectively (21/30). The position of larvae in the cylinders
varied with the steepness of the halocline and with dietary conditioning for both sea urchin species and all developmental
stages tested. Significantly more larvae crossed the haloclines into water of 24 and 27‰ salinity than into water of 21‰ salinity.
We observed an effect of diet on the position of larvae in the cylinders, and that effect varied among halocline treatments
for both species. The proportion of larvae of E.lucunter that crossed the halocline was greater in low- than high-ration diets in the 24/33 and 27/33 treatments. Position of four-arm
larvae in the cylinders also varied with food quality in high-ration diets: for E.lucunter in the 24/33 treatments, and for A.
punctulata in the 21/30 treatments, more larvae from the single- than from the mixed-species diets were present above the halocline.
Salinity in the adult habitat during most of the active reproductive period ranged from 15 to 40‰. We showed that larvae can
respond to gradients in salinity, and therefore can remain within a water mass of higher salinity overlying the adult habitat.
However, survival of poorly fed larvae may be increased if they are introduced into a new water mass and carried away from
a nutritionally poor environment.
Received: 9 July 1997 / Accepted: 12 January 1998 相似文献
893.
The seasonality of polypide cycling has been investigated for three species of erect bryozoans from Antarctica: Isoseculiflustra rubefacta (Kluge, 1914), Nematoflustra flagellata (Waters, 1904) and Himantozoum antarcticum (Calvet, 1905). Approximately ten colonies of each species were collected monthly by SCUBA divers over a 14 mo period during
1992/1993, and the status of each individual zooid was classified as differentiating/regenerating, active (feeding autozooids),
degenerate (brown body) or sexually reproductive (ovicells present, or zooid containing a larva). Polypide cycling in all
three species was distinctly seasonal. New zooids formed at the growth margin and typically contained actively feeding polypides
for ≃9 mo before these polypides degenerated into brown bodies in the austral winter (June). Very few polypides were active
in the period from June to August, when water-column food levels were at their lowest; after this period new polypides differentiated.
Individual zooids typically underwent a total of five (I. rubefacta and N. flagellata), or at least four (H. antarcticum) complete polypide cycles before becoming senescent. Polypide lifetimes generally became shorter as the age of the zooid
increased. Sexual reproduction was also distinctly seasonal in these species, with bands of ovicells or sexually reproductive
zooids being formed each year in late summer once a given colony had grown to a threshold size (or age). Larvae were then
brooded for ≃10 mo before being released in January/February (N. flagellata) or February/March (H. antarcticum). The seasonal patterns of polypide cycling are related clearly to the variations in food availability, and these species
appear to have the longest zooid lifetime (≃5 yr) and the slowest polypide cycling (once per year with polypide lifetimes
up to 10 mo) reported for any bryozoan so far.
Received: 7 May 1995 / Accepted: 19 November 1997 相似文献
894.
Chattonella marina, a raphidophycean flagellate, is a highly toxic red tide phytoplankton which causes severe damage to fish farming. Recent
studies demonstrated that Chattonella spp. continuously release superoxide anions (O2
−) while they are living. Heterosigma akashiwo, another raphidophycean flagellate, also produces O2
−. In the present study, we found that lectins such as concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and castor bean
hemagglutinin (CBH) stimulated C. marina and H. akashiwo to generate enhanced amounts of O2
− in a concentration-dependent manner. The lectin-specific sugars potently inhibited the lectin-induced increase of O2
− production, suggesting that the effects of lectins are mediated mainly through the interaction of these lectins with carbohydrate
moiety present on the flagellate cell surface. In contrast to the potent ability of native Con A (tetravalent), succinylated
Con A (divalent) showed only a slight stimulative effect on these flagellates. O2
− production was totally inhibited by treatment with proteinase K for 30 min, without affecting the viabilities of flagellates.
These results suggest that cell-surface redox enzymes may be involved in O2
− production, and such enzymes are responsible for the lectin-stimulation.
Received: 21 August 1997 / Accepted: 8 January 1998 相似文献
895.
During early development in fish, phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) regulates membrane lipid modifications, which relates to changes in environmental conditions and provision of
fatty acids required for metabolic energy substrates and prostaglandin biosynthesis. A method to analyze phospholipase A2 in rat tissues has been modified to measure its activity in embryonic Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Egg and embryo samples were collected during the 1994 spawning season. Enzyme activity was undetectable at fertilization
but in 10-d embryos was 230 pmol mg−1 h−1 (at 20 °C) and increased by ∼120% at hatch (17-d). Significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of important phospholipids,
phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), were also observed. The content of some critical polyunsaturated
fatty acids, and the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, declined significantly over development. Acyl-chain restructuring
mediated through the activity of phospholipase A2, coupled with other observed lipid changes (significant increases in the PC/PE ratio and cholesterol content), would produce
a decreased fluidity of membranes during embryonic development, coinciding with the predicted upward movement of larvae in
the water column. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) removed from PE could serve as a precursor for biosynthesis of 2-series prostaglandins, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) from PC is a likely source for other prostaglandin types. Despite removal of polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was an
overall increase in lipid and fatty acid concentration, which can be attributed to amino acid catabolism during early developmental
stages.
Received: 9 September 1996 / Accepted: 8 September 1997 相似文献
896.
Whole-body carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, and stable-isotope composition (13C:12C and 15N:14N), were followed during metamorphosis of bonefish (Albula sp.) larvae (leptocephali). Metamorphosing larvae depend entirely on endogenous carbon compounds (some of which contain N and P) as an energy source. Two fundamental questions are (1) Do the demands of extensive tissue remodeling during metamorphosis require the efficient retention of N and P during the catabolism of carbon compounds? (2) What effect does the lack of feeding have on stable-isotope composition? Our results showed that both C and N decreased by ~35 to 40%, reflecting the utilization of neutral lipid (triacylglycerols) and N-containing compounds (phosphatidylethanolamine and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan) as energy sources, and indicating that larvae have little or no capacity to retain N. Evidence suggested that collagen breakdown, measured as a loss of hydroxyproline content, also contributed to N loss. Stable-isotope ratios, expressed as 13C and 15N, showed no statistically significant differences in early and advanced metamorphosing larvae. In contrast to C and N, phosphorus was conserved during metamorphosis and most probably is utilized in the increased bone mineralization occurring in advanced larvae. We show, however, that advanced larvae are P-limited and that normal ossification is dependent upon a supply of exogenous P obtained after the resumption of feeding. The N:P ratio of 12.3 in early larvae decreased to 8.1 in advanced larvae owing to the conservation of P as N was lost. The mean 15N value in early metamorphic larvae (11.6‰) is consistent with results from other studies, and provides further support for the view that premetamorphic leptocephali feed at a very low trophic level. 相似文献
897.
Anthelia glauca Lamarck, 1816 is a gonochoric, external-brooding soft coral found in KwaZulu-Natal. It is reproductively active in the summer
months. The development of gametes produced in late summer is arrested in winter. Several stages of gametes are found at the
base of the polyps, and female polyps produce several cycles of larvae over an extended breeding period of 4 to 5 months.
Larvae are brooded in a unique pharyngeal brooding pouch not yet described in other coral species. The brood pouch consists
of an expansion of the pharynx with constrictions proximal and distal to the embryos and larvae. Our data suggest that egg
transfer and fertilization occur at full moon and the mature larvae are released after new moon. Zooxanthellae are absent
in A. glauca oocytes, but zooxanthella infestation commences at the immature larval stage.
Received: 15 July 1997 / Accepted: 12 March 1998 相似文献
898.
Starch-gel electrophoresis of allozymes was used to differentiate the two red mullet species (Mullus barbatus L. and M. surmuletus L.) in the Mediterranean Sea and, further, to investigate the genetic stock structure of M. barbatus in the eastern Mediterranean area. Twenty putative enzyme-coding loci were examined in eight M. barbatus samples caught in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Greece) and in the Gulf of Lion (France), and two M. surmuletus samples caught in the Aegean and Gulf of Lion. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was found in both species. Species-specific
electrophoretic patterns were found in PGI* and PGM*. Estimates of variance of allele frequencies among samples (F
ST) and 2 analyses both revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the M. barbatus samples. Most of the genetic variation was among samples regardless of region. The mean value of Nei's genetic distance between
the two species was 0.329. Genetic distance among M. barbatus samples was low (maximum Nei's D = 0.012), with the sample from Platania differing most from other M. barbatus samples. This is probably be due to founder effects existing at this area. These results suggest that allozyme analysis may
provide important information on the genetic structure of the red mullet to ensure sustainable management of this species.
Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted: 13 October 1997 相似文献
899.
We have found that foraging bumblebees (Bombus hortorum, B. pascuorum, B. pratorum and B.␣terrestris) not only avoid flowers of Symphytum officinale that have recently been visited by conspecifics but also those that have been recently visited by heterospecifics. We propose
that the decision whether to reject or accept a flower is influenced by a chemical odour that is left on the corolla by a
forager, which temporarily repels subsequent foragers. Honeybees and carpenter bees have previously been shown to use similar
repellent forage-marking scents. We found that flowers were repellent to other bumblebee foragers for approximately 20 min
and also that after this time nectar levels in S. officinale flowers had largely replenished. Thus bumblebees could forage more efficiently by avoiding flowers with low rewards. Flowers
to which extracts of tarsal components were applied were more often rejected by wild B. terrestris workers than flowers that had head extracts applied, which in turn were more often rejected than flowers that had body extracts
applied. Extracts from four Bombus species were equally repellent to foragers. The sites of production of the repellent scent and its evolutionary origins are
discussed.
Received: 24 November 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 March 1998 相似文献
900.
Wolf U. Blanckenhorn James W. A. Grant Daphne J. Fairbairn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(1):63-70
The monopolization of resources plays an important theoretical role in the literature on competition for food and mates.
We used 12 groups of male water striders (Aquariusremigis) to: (1) test the general prediction that monopolization of both food and mates decreases as the temporal clumping of resources
increases, (2) compare the efficiency of two indices of resource monopolization, coefficient of variation and Q (Ruzzante et al. 1996), and (3) quantitatively assess the resource queue model of Blanckenhorn and Caraco (1992). Each group
of six males competed for both food items and mates released from the upstream end of a laboratory stream. The mean inter-arrival
time for resource units (food or females) was 10 min, with four levels of temporal clumping (variance in inter-arrival time:
0, 25, 50 or 320 min2). As predicted, the monopolization of both food and mates decreased as the temporal clumping of resource arrival increased,
although monopolization was greater for food than for mates. Q detected the difference in monopolization of food and mates, whereas the coefficient of variation did not, because Q is independent of mean resource abundance. The resource queue model successfully predicted monopolization of both resource
types, explaining 89% and 76% of variation in the proportion of food and mates acquired by the six males. The success of the
model suggests that the scaling of handling time to the variance in resource inter-arrival time should play an important role
in any general theory of resource monopolization.
Received: 28 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 26 September 1997 相似文献