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121.
Für Anregungen danken wir den Professoren P. Böger, P. Fabian, H. Flohn, M. Schidlowski und F. Wagner. 相似文献
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Laturnus F Fahimi I Gryndler M Hartmann A Heal MR Matucha M Schöler HF Schroll R Svensson T 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(4):233-244
- DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2005.06.262
Goal, Scope and Background The anthropogenic environmental emissions of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines have been under scrutiny in
recent years because the two compound groups are suspected to contribute to forest dieback and stratospheric ozone destruction,
respectively. The two organochlorine groups are linked because the atmospheric photochemical oxidation of some volatile organochlorine
compounds is one source of phytotoxic chloroacetic acids in the environment. Moreover, both groups are produced in higher
amounts by natural chlorination of organic matter, e.g. by soil microorganisms, marine macroalgae and salt lake bacteria,
and show similar metabolism pathways. Elucidating the origin and fate of these organohalogens is necessary to implement actions
to counteract environmental problems caused by these compounds.
Main Features While the anthropogenic sources of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines are relatively well-known and within human
control, knowledge of relevant natural processes is scarce and fragmented. This article reviews current knowledge on natural
formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soils, with particular emphasis
on processes in the rhizosphere, and discusses future studies necessary to understand the role of forest soils in the formation
and degradation of these compounds.
Results and Discussion Reviewing the present knowledge of the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines
in forest soil has revealed gaps in knowledge regarding the actual mechanisms behind these processes. In particular, there
remains insufficient quantification of reliable budgets and rates of formation and degradation of chloroacetic acids and volatile
organochlorines in forest soil (both biotic and abiotic processes) to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems regarding
the emission and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale.
Conclusion It is concluded that the overall role of forest soil as a source and/or sink for chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines
is still unclear; the available laboratory and field data reveal only bits of the puzzle. Detailed knowledge of the natural
degradation and formation processes in forest soil is important to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems for the emission
and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale.
Recommendation and Perspective As the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil can
be influenced by human activities, evaluation of the extent of this influence will help to identify what future actions are
needed to reduce human influences and thus prevent further damage to the environment and to human health caused by these compounds. 相似文献
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Goal and Scope
Which impact does the use of non-energetic abiotic resources (ores, minerals, etc.) have in life cycles of energy systems based on biogenic and fossil fuels? Is this kind of resource use less or more environmentally harmful than the utilisation of energetic abiotic resources (mineral oil, natural gas, etc.) in the same life cycles? This paper aims at answering these questions. In Part 1, a methodology is presented and applied to the life cycles of selected energy systems. Part 2 presents and discusses the results.Methods
The applied methodology has been explained in the Part 1. For the assessment of energetic abiotic resource use, a widely recognised method is used. For the assessment of nonenergetic abiotic resource use, no overall recognised methodological approach exists. That is why for this aspect two different methods are exemplarily applied and compared with each other.Results and Conclusion
Results show that the two assessment approaches for non-energetic resource utilisation lead to qualitatively equal results. Nevertheless they differ considerably from each other in their absolute values. This makes obvious that there is still a need for further methodological research work on that issue. Nevertheless, both methodologies yield that the accumulated effect of ore and mineral use is considerably lower than the accumulated effect of fossil primary energy utilisation in all life cycles analysed. With the assumptions made, the use of non-energetic abiotic resources only plays a comparatively subordinate role in the environmental life cycle assessment of energy systems based on biogenic and fossil fuels.Recommendation and Perspective
Results suggest that an important resource-related impact of biomass and fossil fuel powered energy systems is caused by their consumption of fossil primary energy resources. The impact of non-energetic resource use can be neglected in comparison to that. At the same time, results also make clear that there is still a considerable need for further methodical research aiming at a standardised assessment methodology for the use of non-energetic abiotic resources. 相似文献130.