衣康酸/苯乙烯磺酸共聚物的合成及其阻垢性能研究

以衣康酸(IA)和苯乙烯磺酸(SSA)为原料,合成IA／SSA共聚物阻垢剂,确定的最佳合成条件：反应温度为103℃,反应时间为2h,引发剂用量为7％(占单体总质量),IA：SSA质量比为2．8：1。在此工艺条件下合成的IA／SSA共聚物阻垢剂,其阻碳酸钙垢的阻垢率可达99％。     

挥发性有机化合物及其二氧化钛光催化控制技术

介绍了挥发性有机化合物的来源、危害以及控制技术与措施,详细论述了纳米二氧化钛光催化控制技术的控制机理和应用现状。     

城镇社区地震应急工作模式的建立

社区地震应急工作是我国地震应急管理工作的重要内容之一,是减轻地震灾害的有效途径。如何依托社区开展地震应急工作是近年来,特别是汶川地震后全社会关注的问题。从地震应急组织管理、应急预案、志愿者队伍建设、宣传培训、应急演练、物资储备、避难场地和疏散通道设置以及地震应急处置等几个方面讨论了社区地震应急工作模式。     

重金属人体生物有效性、吸收及毒性研究中的肠道细胞模型

重金属污染对人体健康产生极大威胁,因而备受关注.肠道吸收是人体重金属暴露的主要途径之一,因此,重金属的生物有效性、肠道吸收过程和毒性研究成为当前的研究热点.体外胃肠模拟法和动物模型被广泛用于重金属的相关研究,然而体外胃肠模拟法缺少人体肠道细胞成分,动物模型与人体存在着物种差异且实验成本高.鉴于此,研究者开发了能够部分模拟人体肠道上皮功能的体外肠道细胞模型.此模型作为研究生物有效性的重要工具,能模拟肠道对重金属的吸收转运过程,并能够结合分子生物学等技术、采用多学科交叉的研究方法探索重金属的肠吸收和肠毒性的分子机制.本文系统介绍了人肠上皮的结构功能、肠道上皮细胞对重金属吸收转运机制、肠道细胞模型的发展及其在重金属相关研究中的应用与优缺点,总结了肠细胞模型功能验证指标和优化方法.同时,还对肠道微流控培养系统(芯片肠道)和肠类器官等三维肠细胞模型技术的最新进展进行了介绍和展望.     

三丁基氯化锡对红鳍笛鲷的急性毒性及不同组织生化指标的影响

为研究有机锡化合物对海洋生物抗氧化防御系统和神经系统的影响,以我国东南沿海常见的中下层增养殖鱼类红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)幼鱼为实验生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别研究了三丁基氯化锡(tributyltin chloride,TBTCl)的急性毒性和96 h暴露时间内对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼鳃、脑和...     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

东江源头区"猪-沼-果-鱼"生态农业模式关键技术与面源污染控制分析

以江西省定南县龙塘镇杏林农庄"猪-沼-果-鱼"生态农业模式为例,系统研究了该模式的关键技术与农业面源污染控制效果.杏林农庄内实施山顶种植水土涵养林,山腰开梯田种脐橙,园间栽培生草,山脚保留防护植被带,山脚建造养猪场和沼气池,沼气池下游建有多级鱼塘,已形成较典型的"养猪一沼气一果树一养鱼"四位一体的物质循环和能量梯级利用的综合生态农业模式.分析认为该模式的推广应用有助于有效控制农业面源污染,防止东江源头区水质恶化,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益.     

Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.