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111.
112.
Spontaneous vegetation succession at different central European mining sites: a comparison across seres 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Karel Prach Kamila Lencová Klára Řehounková Helena Dvořáková Alena Jírová Petra Konvalinková Ondřej Mudrák Jan Novák Romana Trnková 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(11):7680-7685
We performed detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination to compare seven successional seres running in stone quarries, coal mining spoil heaps, sand and gravel pits, and extracted peatlands in the Czech Republic in central Europe. In total, we obtained 1,187 vegetation samples containing 705 species. These represent various successional stages aged from 1 to 100 years. The successional seres studied were more similar in their species composition in the initial stages, in which synathropic species prevailed, than in later successional stages. This vegetation differentiation was determined especially by local moisture conditions. In most cases, succession led to a woodland, which usually established after approximately 20 years. In very dry or wet places, by contrast, where woody species were limited, often highly valuable, open vegetation developed. Except in the peatlands, the total number of species and the number of target species increased during succession. Participation of invasive aliens was mostly unimportant. Spontaneous vegetation succession generally appears to be an ecologically suitable and cheap way of ecosystem restoration of heavily disturbed sites. It should, therefore, be preferred over technical reclamation. 相似文献
113.
Mobility and Methylation of Mercury in Forest Soils Development of an In-Situ Stable Isotope Tracer Technique and Initial Results 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Munthe John Lyvén Benny Parkman Helena Lee Ying-Hua Iverfeldt Åke Haraldsson Conny Verta Matti Porvari Petri 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(3-4):385-393
A method for investigating in-situmethylation and mobility of mercury has beendeveloped and applied to forest soil. The methodis based on additions of stable 199Hgisotopes to forest soil plots followed bysampling and analysis of isotope ratios of totalmercury and MeHg using ICP-MS. Initial resultsindicate that a fraction (30%) of the mercuryadded to the forest soils is immobilised over atime scale of 16 months. A small but significantfraction of the mercury is methylated during thesame time scale. Higher methylation rates werefound in wetland soil than in dry forest podzolsoil. 相似文献
114.
115.
AbstractObjective: Focusing on children (0–17?years), this study aimed to investigate injury and accident characteristics for bicyclists and to evaluate the use and protective effect of bicycle helmets.Method: This nationwide Swedish study included children who had visited an emergency care center due to injuries from a bicycle crash. In order to investigate the causes of bicycle crashes, data from 2014 to 2016 were analyzed thoroughly (n?=?7967). The causes of the crashes were analyzed and categorized, focusing on 3 subgroups: children 0–6, 7–12, and 13–17?years of age. To assess helmet effectiveness, the induced exposure approach was applied using data from 2006 to 2016 (n?=?24,623). In order to control for crash severity, only bicyclists who had sustained at least one Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injury (moderate injury or more severe) in body regions other than the head were included.Results: In 82% of the cases the children were injured in a single-bicycle crash, and the proportion decreased with age (0–6: 91%, 7–12: 84%, 13–17: 77%). Of AIS 2+ injuries, 8% were head injuries and 85% were injuries to the extremities (73% upper extremities and 13% lower extremities). Helmet use was relatively high up to the age of 10 (90%), after which it dropped. Helmets were much less frequently used by teenagers (14%), especially girls. Consistently, the share of head injuries increased as the children got older. Bicycle helmets were found to reduce all head injuries by 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10: +/? 10%) and AIS 2+ head injuries by 68% (95% CI, 12: +/? 12%). The effectiveness in reducing face injuries was lower (45% CI +/? 10% for all injuries and 54% CI +/? 32% for AIS2+ injuries).Conclusions: This study indicated that bicycle helmets effectively reduce injuries to the head and face. The results thus point to the need for actions aimed at increasing helmet use, especially among teenagers. Protective measures are necessary to further reduce injuries, especially to the upper extremities. 相似文献
116.
Raija Ilmarinen Helena Mäkinen Anne Punakallio Heikki Kervinen 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):7-18
Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing. 相似文献
117.
Olsman H Hagberg J Kalbin G Julander A van Bavel B Strid A Tysklind M Engwall M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(3):161-169
Goal, Scope and Background The use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame retardants increases the risk for emissions of other brominated
compounds, such as polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). The large homology in structure of PBDD/Fs
and mechanism of toxic action, i.e. the capacity to activate the Ah receptor (AhR) pathway, compared to their well-studied
chlorinated analogues, justifies a raised concern to study the environmental levels and fate of these compounds. Decabromodiphenyl
ether (decaBDE) is the most widely used PBDE today. Studies on photolytic debromination of decaBDE in organic solvents have
shown debromination of decaBDE, as well as formation of PBDFs. However, little is known about the transformation mechanisms
and there are only scarce data on photoproducts and PBDE transformation in environmentally relevant matrices. In this study,
mechanism-specific dioxin bioassays were used to study photolytic formation of AhR agonists in toluene solutions of decaBDE.
In addition, the influence of irradiation time and UV-light wavelength on the formation was studied. PBDE congener patterns
and presence of PBDD/Fs were analysed. Further, AhR agonists were analysed in agricultural soils contaminated with PBDEs.
Soils were also exposed to UV-light to study changes in AhR agonist levels.
Methods Toluene solutions of decaBDE were irradiated using three different spectra of UV-light, simulating UV-A (320-400 nm), UV-AB
(280-400 nm), and UV-ABC (250-400 nm). Additionally, decaBDE solutions were exposed to narrow wavelength intervals (10 nm
bandwidth) with the central wavelengths 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360 nm. AhR agonists in decaBDE solutions
were analysed with two different bioassays, the chick embryo liver-cell assay for dioxins (Celcad) and the dioxin responsive,
chemically activated luciferase expression assay (DR-Calux). Also, the decaBDE solutions were analysed with LRGC-LRMS to obtain
PBDE congener patterns for breakdown of decaBDE, and with HRGC-HRMS, for presence of PBDD/Fs. Four soils were exposed to UV-AB
light, under both dry and moist conditions. Levels of AhR agonists in soil extract fractions, before and after UV-exposure,
were analysed with the DR-Calux.
Results and Discussion Significant levels of photoproducts able to activate the AhR pathway, up to 31 ng bio-TEQ/ml, were formed in UV-exposed decaBDE
solutions. The transformation yield of decaBDE into AhR agonists was estimated to be at the 0.1%-level, on a molar basis.
The net formation was highly dependent on wavelength, with the sample irradiated at 330 nm showing the highest level of dioxin-like
activity. No activity was detected in controls. PBDE analysis confirmed decaBDE degradation and a clear time-dependent pattern
for debromination of PBDE congeners. AhR agonist effect in the recalcitrant fractions of the soils corresponded to the levels
of chemically derived TEQs, based only on chlorinated dioxin-like compounds in an earlier study. It was concluded that no
significant levels of other AhR agonists, e.g. PBDFs, were accumulated in the soil. UV-light caused changes in AhR-mediated
activity in the more polar and less persistent fractions of the soils, but it is not known which compounds are responsible
for this.
Recommendations and Perspective . The laboratory experiments in this study show that high levels of AhR agonists can be formed as photoproducts of decaBDE
and it is important to elucidate if and under which conditions this might occur in nature. However, soil analysis indicates
that photoproducts of PBDE do not contribute to the accumulated levels of persistent dioxin-like compounds in agricultural
soil. Still, more data is needed to fully estimate the environmental importance of PBDE photolysis and occurrence of its photoproducts
in other environmental compartments. Analysis with dioxin bioassays enabled us to gather information about photoproducts formed
from decaBDE even though the exact identities of these compounds were not known.
Conclusion Bioassays are valuable for studying environmental transformation processes like this, where chemical analysis and subsequent
toxicological evaluation requires available standard compounds and information on toxicological potency. The use of bioassays
allows a rapid evaluation of toxicological relevance. 相似文献
118.
Hession H Byrne M Cleary S Andersson KG Roed J 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2006,85(2-3):196-204
The residence time of particulate contamination on the human body is a factor that has an important impact on the accuracy of exposure assessment in the aftermath of an accidental release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Measurements of particle clearance from human skin were made using an illumination system to excite fluorescence in labelled silica particles and a CCD camera and image processing system to detect this fluorescence. The illumination system consists of high-intensity light emitting diodes (LEDS) of suitable wavelengths arranged on a portable stand. The physically small size of the LEDs allows them to be positioned close to the fluorescing surface, thus maximising the fluorescent signal that can be obtained. The limit of detection was found to be 50 microg of tracer particle per cm2. Experiments were carried out to determine the clearance rates of 10 microm and 3 microm particles from the skin. Results show that, in the absence of any mechanical rubbing of the skin, the clearance of particles from the skin followed an approximately exponential decay with a half-time of 1.5-7.8 h. Skin hairiness and degree of human movement were found, in addition to particle size, to have an important influence on particle fall-off rate. 相似文献
119.
Ingrid Strid Eriksson Helena Elmquist Thomas Nybrant 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2005,34(4):382-386
农业生产系统的生态可持续性评估亟需一些有效工具.本文所描述的SALSA(可持续农业系统分析,Systems Analysis forSustainable Agriculture)是一种环境系统分析工具.它由各种物流模型构成,并运用生命周期评价法阐释模拟结果.SALSA的一个示范性应用案例就是3种不同的生猪养殖情景在各自能源投入以及对全球变暖、富营养化和酸化作用方面的环境影响的比较分析.其中综合了不含大豆粉的低蛋白食料、改良后的肥料管理技术、低氮损失的情景是全部影响分类研究中的最佳选择.SALSA模型的优势在于它捕捉不同管理选择的后果的能力,这些管理选择对一个农场的一些过程有某种影响.这也使得文中描述的复杂研究成为可能. 相似文献
120.
Helena Jahncke Staffan Hygge Niklas Halin Anne Marie Green Kenth Dimberg 《Journal of environmental psychology》2011,31(4):373-382
The aim of the present study was to investigate cognitive, emotional, and physiological effects of two open-plan office noise conditions (high noise: 51 LAeq and low noise: 39 LAeq) during work in a simulated open-plan office, followed by four restoration conditions (river movie with sound, only river sound, silence, and office noise) after the work period. Students (N = 47) went through one practice session and two experimental sessions, one each with the low and high noise conditions. In each experimental session they worked for 2 h with tasks involving basic working memory processes. We also took physiological measures of stress (cortisol and catecholamines) and self-reports of mood and fatigue. Analyses indicate that the participants remembered fewer words, rated themselves as more tired, and were less motivated with work in noise compared to low noise. In the restoration phase the participants who saw a nature movie (including river sounds) rated themselves as having more energy after the restoration period in comparison with both the participants who listened to noise and river sounds. Remaining in office noise during the restoration phase also affected motivation more negatively than listening to river sounds or watching the nature movie. The findings bear on the appropriateness of open-plan office designs and the possibilities for restoration available in office settings. 相似文献