Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

微纳米气泡改善杭州城市河道水生态环境的工程应用研究

于2013年4月至6月在杭州城市河道对微纳米气泡改善河道水生态环境进行了持续的原位监测实验.结果表明,与对照区相比,试验区水体温度平均升高0.7℃,pH增大0.2,溶解氧增加1.0 mg/L,而TDS浓度降低42 mg/L;水质污染指标高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷平均浓度分别降低了8.45 mg/L、6.78 mg/L、8.90 mg/L和0.58 mg/L.由此可推测微纳米气泡在一定程度上能有效净化水质,为恢复良好水生生态环境提供新的方法和技术手段.     

家用洗涤剂中特征污染物的检测及潜在风险研究

家用洗涤剂的特征污染物磷与表面活性剂随废水排入环境水体造成水体溶解氧下降、富营养化,破坏水生生态环境。从北京市三个具有代表性的市场购买洗衣液、洗衣粉、洗衣皂和洗洁精四种形态的家用洗涤剂共40个样本,并对其中磷与阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)含量进行检测。结果显示,所有衣用洗涤剂总P2O5含量均小于1.1%,符合无磷洗涤剂国家标准(GB/T 13171.2-2009);而LAS含量差异较大,范围为6.9%~31.4%,基本趋势是洗洁精洗衣液洗衣粉;经估算,洗涤等量衣物,洗衣液的LAS排放量比洗衣粉高49.1%,北京市每年家用洗涤剂LAS产生量至少为1.23万吨;经检测蓟运河北京段水样,61.5%的样点水样中LAS含量达到III类水质标准,但局部地区污染仍较为严重,污染风险不可忽视。     

太湖流域水环境监测数据资源目录体系构建研究

太湖流域水环境监测数据来源广泛,涉及部门众多。数据资源目录体系建设是实现数据有序组织、满足信息共享需求的有效途径。通过分析太湖流域水环境监测数据资源管理和利用现状、存在问题,指出建设流域水环境监测数据资源目录体系的必要性。构建了流域水环境监测数据资源目录体系总体架构,实现数据资源的编目、注册、目录管理与目录服务。在此基础上,建设了流域水环境监测数据交换与共享平台原型,为实现流域水环境监测数据交换与共享提供技术支撑。     

Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue. ● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI. ● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination. ● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.     

Characterization of residues from dismantled imported wastes

Residues from the imported wastes dismantling process create a great burden on the ambient environment. To develop appropriate strategies for the disposal of such residues, their characteristics were studied through background value analysis and toxicity leaching tests. Our results showed that the heavy metals concentrations in residues were high, particularly those of Cu (7180 mg kg^?1), Zn (2783 mg kg^?1), and Pb (1954 mg kg^?1). Toxicity leaching tests revealed a high metal releasing risk of such residues if they are disposed of in a landfill. However, the residues of imported wastes were also found to have some intrinsic metal recycling value.     

含油污泥的处理与利用

石油开采和加工过程中产生的含油污泥，带有有害物质和较高的热值，既需处理又可综合利用，这是一个复杂而又重要的课题。当前，我国含油污泥处理与利用和国外先进水平有较大差距，处理装置技术落后，不配套，多数污泥未进行无害化处理，造成了环境污染和能源资源的浪费。在收集了大量资料的基础上，列举了含油污泥的性质及危害。“九五”期间应积极开展先进工艺设备的引进推广工作，特别在含油污泥的脱水干燥、污油回收和绿化利用上，可推广江汉、中原油田的先进工艺设备，使含油污泥达到无害化乃至变废为宝。     

现代灾害、灾害研究与灾害学

本文系统分析现代灾害的特点；评述灾害研究及灾害学的历史与现状，预测其发展趋势；探讨灾害学的基本范畴，界定其学科体系的总体框架，对灾害研究及灾害学发展中的几个重要问题提出认识与建议。     

灾害基本成因研究

本文依据灾害的生态经济性质,在对各类灾害的具体成因进行概括与抽象的基础上,从地球系统、自然生态系统、社会经济系统、城市系统的运动与发展及灾害与这些系统的相互联系和相互作用等方面研究各类灾害的共同成因,即灾害的基本成因,并对其进行系统分析。