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171.
Hermann A. Kahle 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1957,44(22):573-578
172.
Summary The biology and behavior of Xylocopa virginica L. were followed in the area of Athens, Georgia (USA) from August 1973 until September 1974. Several nests were X-rayed regularly during the developmental period of the bees, and information about the life cycle and development was obtained. The bees emerge in June and stay in their nests with their sibs throughout the summer, fall, and winter, leaving only occasionally on warm days to search for nectar as food. In March and April males defend nest-side territories and mate with most females. The males die in the late spring and the females dig nests, provision them, and rear up to 8 or 9 bees in each nest. Many females live 2 years, and often 2 to 3 females are present in each nest, but only 1 works and lays eggs. Emergence of adults from pupae is nearly synchronized, irrespective of age. 相似文献
173.
Hermann Berg 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1960,47(14):320-321
174.
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176.
Olfactory learning may occur at different stages of insect ontogeny. In parasitoid wasps, it has been mostly shown at adult
emergence, whilst it remains controversial at pre-imaginal stages. We followed larval growth of the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi Haliday, inside the host aphid, Acyrthosiphom pisum Harris, and characterised in detail the behaviour of third instar larvae. We found that just before cocoon spinning begins,
the third instar larva bites a hole through the ventral side of the mummified aphid exoskeleton. We then evaluated whether
this period of exposure to the external environment represented a sensitive stage for olfactory learning. In our first experiment,
the third instar larvae were allowed to spin their cocoon on the host plant (Vicia faba L.) surface or on a plastic plate covering the portion of the host plant exposed to the ventral opening. Recently emerged
adults of the first group showed a preference for plant volatiles in a glass Y-olfactometer, whereas no preference was found
in adults of the second group. In a second experiment, during the period in which the aphid carcass remains open or is being
sealed by cocoon spinning, third instar larvae were exposed for 24 h to either vanilla odours or water vapours as control.
In this experiment, half of the parasitoid larvae were later excised from the mummy to avoid further exposure to vanilla.
Adult parasitoids exposed to vanilla during the larval ventral opening of the mummy showed a significant preference for vanilla
odours in the olfactometer, regardless of excision from the mummy. The larval behaviour described and the results of the manipulations
performed are discussed as evidences for the acquisition of olfactory memory during the larval stage and its persistence through
metamorphosis. 相似文献
177.
178.
Ulla Raab Michael Albrecht Ursula Preiss Wolfgang Völkel Ursula Schwegler Hermann Fromme 《Chemosphere》2013
The aim of the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk (BAMBI) project was to examine 10 organochlorine pesticides (OPs), 3 nitro musks, 6 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and several perfluorinated alkyl compounds in breast milk samples. A total of 516 breast milk samples were collected from seven regions in Bavaria and were analyzed by means of GC/ECD, GC/HRMS, and LC/MS-MS. 相似文献
179.
Schaldach Rüdiger Meurer Katharina H. E. Jungkunst Hermann F. Nendel Claas Lakes Tobia Gollnow Florian Göpel Jan Boy Jens Guggenberger Georg Strey Robert Strey Simone Berger Thomas Gerold Gerhard Schönenberg Regine Böhner Jürgen Schindewolf Marcus Latynskiy Evgeny Hampf Anna Parker Phillip S. Sentelhas Paulo César 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(1):161-173
Regional Environmental Change - This article describes the design of a new model-based assessment framework to identify and analyse possible future trajectories of agricultural development and... 相似文献
180.
Degradation of macrolide antibiotics by ozone: a mechanistic case study with clarithromycin 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Lange F Cornelissen S Kubac D Sein MM von Sonntag J Hannich CB Golloch A Heipieper HJ Möder M von Sonntag C 《Chemosphere》2006,65(1):17-23
Macrolide antibiotics are widely used (in the order of 1g per person per year). They pass the body largely unchanged and are also not degraded in wastewater treatment plants. With not too much effort, they may be eliminated from their effluents by ozonation. The macrolide antibiotics have all a dimethylamino group at one of the carbohydrate residues in common. This functional group is the target of the ozone reaction, and clarithromycin has been selected here for a more detailed study. Since only the free amine reacts with ozone, the rate of reaction is pH dependent (at pH 7: k = 4 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). In analogy to the ozonolysis of trimethylamine, the main reaction is a transfer of an O-atom yielding the N-oxide (identified by HPLC/MS-MS). A minor product (10%, based on formaldehyde yields) is demethylated clarithromycin (identified by HPLC/MS-MS). The dimethylamino group is thought to be essential for the binding of the macrolide antibiotics to their target. As a consequence, chemical changes of this functional group, notably the formation of the N-oxide that is no longer a proton acceptor, inactivates these drugs as assayed by the suppression of the growth of Pseudomonas putida. This is most important for wastewater treatment, as mineralization of clarithromycin by ozone would require 100 times as much ozone. 相似文献