快速带压堵漏技术在集输管网上的应用

针对油田开发建设中地面管线及容器等设备的腐蚀、老化、穿孔等问题,以生产和环保为基点,介绍了快速带压堵漏技术在中原油田集输管网上的应用,提出6种快速带压技术,并详述了其优缺点。     

钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的研制

介绍了石油钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的工作原理、主要技术指标、操作使用和维护检查与注意事项，分析了推广应用前景。     

铁路简支梁桥墩承受列车制动力的研究

应用结构分析的伪动力法 ,对不同跨度、不同长度的铁路重力式简支梁桥进行了大量计算 ;确定了 16m、2 4m及 3 2m跨度桥梁桥墩可能承受的最大制动力 ,为确定重力式简支梁桥墩制动力设计值提供了理论依据。在此基础上 ,以墩底承受的弯矩为准 ,对制动力作用下的桥墩安全性问题进行了分析     

长江口南槽底沙再悬浮对重金属吸附的影响

对长江口南槽底部水样中的含沙量、悬沙粒径以及水相和悬浮相重金属含量进行测试分析，探讨重金属的吸附规律及底沙再悬浮对水体自净能力的影响。依据长江口南槽底层悬浮相8种重金属元素的相关显性分析，将重金属元素分为3类，分析表明，重金属元素在该水域进行的是选择性置换吸附。同时，主成分分析表明，第一主成分与第二主成分的累积贡献率达到89．3％，两主成分已能较好地反映该水域重金属元素的变化，其中第一主成分的贡献率为70．4％，主要反映第一类元素Cu、Zn、As、Cd，说明这4种元素对长江口南槽重金属污染的影响最大。含沙量与元素吸附量的相关分析表明，随着泥沙含量的增加，单位质量悬浮泥沙吸附重金属元素的能力下降，总吸附量上升，但南槽底沙较强的再悬浮作用影响了相关显性。水相中重金属浓度与底沙再悬浮作用强度有关，依据浓度剖面ACP图像，涨、落急阶段再悬浮作用强，泥沙含量高，重金属浓度一般较转流阶段低。     

地震勘探作业过程中环境保护措施分析

文章对目前国内地震勘探作业过程中的环境保护措施现状进行了分析,并对照部分国外石油公司的作法和IAGC及国家《清洁生产促进法》的要求寻找差距,再结合国内的实际情况提出了对地震勘探作业环境保护措施的建议,同时为国内物探行业开拓国际市场,树立绿色施工、文明施工、清洁施工的良好企业形象提供了有益的参考。     

在地震勘探作业中实施"绿色勘探"

根据国家和中国石油天然气集团公司有关清洁发展、环境保护的要求,结合地震勘探生产作业的特点和实际情况,提出在地震勘探作业中实施绿色勘探需要开展的主要工作,以及完成这些工作所要具备的必要条件.     

EVALUATION OF NEXRAD STAGE III PRECIPITATION DATA OVER A SEMIARID REGION1

This study examines NEXRAD Stage III product (hourly, cell size 4 km by 4 km) for its ability in estimating precipitation in central New Mexico, a semiarid area. A comparison between Stage III and a network of gauge precipitation estimates during 1995 to 2001 indicates that Stage III (1) overestimates the hourly conditional mean (CM) precipitation by 33 percent in the monsoon season and 55 percent in the nonmonsoon season; (2) overestimates the hourly CM precipitation for concurrent radar‐gauge pairs (nonzero value) by 13 percent in the monsoon season and 6 percent in the nonmonsoon season; (3) overestimates the seasonal precipitation accumulation by 11 to 88 percent in monsoon season and underestimates by 18 to 89 percent in the nonmonsoon season; and (4) either overestimates annual precipitation accumulation up to 28.2 percent or underestimates it up to 11.9 percent. A truncation of 57 to 72 percent of the total rainfall hours is observed in the Stage III data in the nonmonsoon season, which may be the main cause for both the underestimation of the radar rainfall accumulation and the lower conditional probability of radar rainfall detection in the nonmonsoon season. The study results indicate that the truncation caused loss of small rainfall amounts (events) is not effectively corrected by the real‐time rain gauge calibration that can adjust the rainfall rates but cannot recover the truncated small rainfall events. However, the truncation error in the monsoon season may be suppressed due to the larger rainfall rate and/or combined effect of overestimates by bright band and hail contaminations, virga, advection, etc. In general, improvement in NEXRAD performance since the monsoon season in 1998 is observed, which is consistent with the systematic improvement in the NEXRAD network.     

生态单元制图在国外自然保护和城乡规划中的发展与应用

生态单元制图作为景观生态学研究方法之一,能够提供研究区域内基础详细的、保护或规划定向的、便于使用的生物学和生态学信息,该方法已经成为一些国家自然保护和城乡规划工作的基本工具。论文首先简明介绍了生态单元的定义和功能以及制图的两种主要方法。着重探讨了生态单元制图在国外30多年不同阶段的发展历程,并分析了生态单元制图在自然保护和城乡规划中应用的3个方面:物种和生境保护、土地利用规划和管理以及不同尺度景观规划和管理。另外,论文还对生态单元制图中存在的问题和不足以及深入研究的思路进行探讨。目前生态单元制图研究中存在的问题主要集中在生态单元调查的主观性、制图比例尺和G IS技术等方面。最后分析了生态单元制图在我国的研究现状以及生态单元制图在我国自然保护和城乡规划中应用的前景。     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.