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241.
Hiroshi Shimizu Manai Tsuzuki Yasuo Yamazaki A. Koichi Hayashi 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2001,14(6):603-608
The study of extinguishment using water mist has been motivated due to the phase-out of the use of halens and the search for alternative means that preserve all of the benefits of a clean total flooding agent without adverse environmental impact. With the numerical simulation, we analyzed a gas–liquid two-phase problem including water (liquid), air and methane (gas) using Eulerian equations for the liquid phase and the full Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase. Gaseous mass, momentum and energy equations are integrated simultaneously by a Harten–Yee explicit non-MUSCL modified-flux type TVD scheme for the convective terms and a central difference scheme for the viscous terms. Liquid phase conservation equations are solved with an application of a flux-vector-splitting scheme. In the experiments in an open room (500×500×500 mm) we observed an interaction of the diffusion flame with the water mists. The results show remarkable flame quenching and a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. 相似文献
242.
Nobuo Matsuura Tomoaki Uchiyama Hiroshi Tada Yosikazu Nakamura Naomi Kondo Masatoshi Morita Masaru Fukushi 《Chemosphere》2001,45(8):1167-1171
Dioxins (PCDD + PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) are potentially hazardous compounds and have structural similarity to thyroid hormones. Our research group on “Dioxins and PCB in Human Milk” was organized in 1997 and has been active for the past three years. We collected breast milk from 80 mothers living in Tokyo, Saitama, Ishikawa and Osaka Prefecture in Japan at 5, 30, 150, 300 postpartum days and measured PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs during 1998–1999. We added another 20 prefectures and cities during 1999–2000. Breast milk was obtained from 415 mothers at 30 postpartum days (breast-feeding group). Blood was taken from infants who were breast-fed at the age of 1 year for evaluation of thyroid and immune functions. Blood was also taken from 53 infants who were bottle-fed (bottle-feeding group) as a control. Serum T4, T3, FT4 and TSH levels in the breast-feeding (n=337) and bottle-feeding (n=53) groups were within normal ranges and were not significantly different between the two groups. Although there were a large geographic differences of dioxins and co-PCB content in breast milk, there were no differences in serum T4, T3, FT4, TSH levels and no significant correlation between the mean serum levels of TSH and TEQ in breast milk. There was a significant correlation between serum TSH at 1 year of age and that from blood on dried filter paper TSH at 5 days of age. We concluded that dioxin intake from breast milk in Japanese infants did not impair thyroid function. However, long-term effects remain to be evaluated. 相似文献
243.
Masakazu Hori Takao Suzuki Yaowaluk Monthum Tippamas Srisombat Yoshiyuki Tanaka Masahiro Nakaoka Hiroshi Mukai 《Marine Biology》2009,156(7):1447-1458
Seagrass species function as typical foundation species that unifies most ecosystem processes. This ecosystem role depends
largely on the morphological characteristics and structural complexity of seagrass beds, including their ecological importance
for fish species. This study examined relationships between seagrass bed characteristics and associated fish communities in
mixed seagrass beds. Correspondence analysis (CA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCoA) were performed to estimate relationships
for individual seagrass bed characteristics. The CCoA results revealed that species richness and three-dimensional structure
of seagrass had great effect on the biomass and richness of the associated fish community. The CA results revealed that the
relative importance of seagrass bed characteristics differed among fish functional groups including fishes appearing on the
surface of, inside, and on the bottom of seagrass beds. The fishes found on the surface of the beds preferred beds with low
seagrass biomass and high three-dimensional structure, those inside the beds preferred beds with high seagrass biomass and
high three-dimensional structure, and those on the bottom of the beds preferred locations with low seagrass biomass and low
three-dimensional structure. The results of this study provide compelling evidence that seagrass beds with high species diversity
and high three-dimensional structure, but intermediate biomass, may provide the great benefit to the associated fish community.
Such niche complementarity among fishes may be a process facilitated by seagrass diversity for secondary production as an
ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
244.
Comparison of feeding habits of myctophid fishes and juvenile small epipelagic fishes in the western North Pacific 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaori Takagi Akihiko Yatsu Hiroshi Itoh Masatoshi Moku Hiroshi Nishida 《Marine Biology》2009,156(4):641-659
To examine the potential trophic competition between myctophids and small epipelagic fishes in the nursery grounds in spring,
we compared the stomach contents of dominant myctophids (Symbolophorus californiensis, Ceratoscopelus warmingii and Myctophum asperum; n = 179) and juvenile epipelagic fishes (Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, and spotted mackerel, S. australasicus; n = 78) that were simultaneously collected at nighttime with a midwater trawl net around the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zone
in the western North Pacific. It was clear that the neritic copepod Paracalanus parvus s.l. was the most abundant species in NORPAC samples (0.335 mm mesh size) taken at the same stations. Diets of dominant myctophid
fishes differed from those of the juvenile epipelagic fishes; Japanese sardine and anchovy mostly preyed upon P. parvus s.l. (23.6% of stomach contents in volume) and Corycaeus affinis (16.1%), respectively. Both chub and spotted mackerels mainly preyed upon the seasonal vertical migrant copepod, Neocalanus cristatus (15.9 and 14.7%, respectively). On the contrary, myctophid fishes probably do not specifically select the abundant neritic
copepods. Namely, S. californiensis mostly preyed upon a diel vertical migrating copepod, Pleuromamma piseki (22.7 and 30.6% in stomach of juvenile and adult, respectively), while C. warmingii and M. asperum preyed on Doliolida (43.0% in stomach of juvenile C. warmingii), appendicularians (11.0% in stomach of juvenile M. asperum), and Ostracoda (6.3% in stomach of adult C. warmingii). Feeding habits of myctophid fishes seem adapted to their prey animals; low rate of digested material (less than 30% in
volume) in stomachs of S. californiensis may be linked to the movement of P. piseki, hence S. californiensis can easily consume this copepod at night since they are more concentrated at night than daytime. High rate of digested material
(over 40%) of M. asperum and adult C. warmingii suggest that they feed not only at night but also during the daytime in the midwater layer. Thus, myctophid fishes actually
fed in the surface layer but less actively than the small epipelagic fishes. These results suggest that the potential for
direct food competition between myctophids and small epipelagic fishes is low in the nursery ground, but there remains a possibility
of indirect effects through their prey items, since the above gelatinous animals feed on common prey items as juveniles of
Japanese sardine and anchovy. 相似文献
245.
Human milk survey for dioxins in the general population in Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
BACKGROUND: Much attention has been paid to the level of dioxins in breast milk in Japan but few large-scale studies have been conducted on the subject. METHODS: From 1997 to 2002, we collected 839 samples of breast milk from primiparas residing throughout Japan. Starting in 1999, breast milk was also collected from secundiparas. Seven isomers of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 4 of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) and 8 of mono-orthochlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) were analyzed by employing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A correlation between the level of dioxins in human milk and the age of the mothers was noted for the primiparas and the secundiparas; and the levels were compared between the first and the second deliveries. Grouped by parity and prefecture in each year, observations were also made on the trends in these levels. Dioxin levels are shown by using geometric means because their distributions were skewed to the left. RESULTS: The sum of PCDDs and PCDFs, Co-PCBs, mono-ortho PCBs, and total dioxins in the breast milk of primiparas were 13.9, 5.4, 3.4, and 22.7 pg TEQ/g fat, respectively. In the samples obtained from secundiparas, these levels were 63-68 percents of those taken from the primiparas. The correlation coefficients between the PCDDs/DFs, Co-PCBs, mono-ortho PCBs, and total dioxins and the age of the primiparas were 0.19, 0.17, 0.36, and 0.24, respectively. All these correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The positive correlations between these contaminants and the age of the secundiparas were also examined. The total dioxins as well as PCDDs/DFs, Co-PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in the breast milk of the primiparas declined significantly between 1998 and 2002 (regression coefficients: -0.04, -0.05, -0.03, and -0.03, respectively). However, no significant decline in these levels was observed when sorted by prefectures. CONCLUSIONS: Much attention should be paid to the age and parity of nursing mothers when investigating the relationship between the level of dioxins in breast milk and the body burden of infants. 相似文献
246.
Contamination status of persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from Japan: recent levels and temporal trend 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kunisue T Muraoka M Ohtake M Sudaryanto A Minh NH Ueno D Higaki Y Ochi M Tsydenova O Kamikawa S Tonegi T Nakamura Y Shimomura H Nagayama J Tanabe S 《Chemosphere》2006,64(9):1601-1608
Contamination levels of persistent organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordane compounds (CHLs) was examined in human breast milk collected during 2001-2004 from Fukuoka prefecture in Japan. The concentrations of OCs such as dioxins and related compounds, DDTs, CHLs and HCB in human breast milk from primiparae were comparable to or slightly higher than the data obtained during 1998, indicating that the levels of these contaminants in Japanese human breast milk have not decreased since 1998 and Japanese are continuously exposed to these chemicals, presumably via fish intake. In addition, OC levels in human breast milk from primiparae were significantly higher than those from multiparae, implying elimination of OCs via lactation. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between levels of OCs in human breast milk and the age of primiparae. These results indicate that the mothers with higher age may transfer higher amounts of OCs to the first infant than to the infants born afterwards through breast-feeding, and hence the first born children might be at higher risk by OCs. 相似文献
247.
Wilson Y. Fantong Hiroshi Satake Samuel N. Ayonghe Emmanuel C. Suh Segun M. A. Adelana Emilia Bi S. Fantong Hycinth S. Banseka Cletus D. Gwanfogbe Leonard N. Woincham Yoshitoshi Uehara Jing Zhang 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(2):147-163
The 500,000 inhabitants of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin are vulnerable to a “silent” fluorosis from groundwater consumption. For the first time, the groundwater is investigated for the purpose of identifying the provenance of fluoride and estimating an optimal dose of fluoride in the study area. Based on the fluoride content of groundwater, fluorine and major oxides abundances in rocks from the study area, mean annual atmospheric temperature, and on-site diagnosis of fluorosis in children, the following results and conclusions are obtained: Fluoride concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.19 to 15.2 mg/l. Samples with fluoride content of <1.5 mg/l show Ca–HCO3 signatures, while those with fluoride >1.5 mg/l show a tendency towards Na-HCO3 type. Fluor-apatite and micas in the granites were identified as the main provenance of fluoride in the groundwater through water-rock interactions in an alkaline medium. The optimal fluoride dose in drinking water of the study area should be 0.7 mg/l, and could be adjusted downward to a level of 0.6 mg/l due to the high consumption rate of groundwater, especially during drier periods. 相似文献
248.
In the post-genome-sequencing era, emerging genomic technologies are shifting the paradigm for drug discovery and development.
Nevertheless, drug discovery and development still remain high-risk and high-stakes ventures with long and costly timelines.
Indeed, the attrition of drug candidates in preclinical and development stages is a major problem in drug design. For at least
30% of the candidates, this attrition is due to poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have begun
to seriously re-evaluate their current strategies of drug discovery and development. In that light, we propose that a transport
mechanism-based design might help to create new, pharmacokinetically advantageous drugs, and as such should be considered
an important component of drug design strategy. Performing enzyme- and/or cell-based drug transporter, interaction tests may
greatly facilitate drug development and allow the prediction of drug–drug interactions. We recently developed methods for
high-speed functional screening and quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis to study the substrate specificity
of ABC transporters and to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphisms on their function. These methods would provide a practical
tool to screen synthetic and natural compounds, and these data can be applied to the molecular design of new drugs. In this
review article, we present an overview on the genetic polymorphisms of human ABC transporter ABCG2 and new camptothecin analogues
that can circumvent AGCG2-associated multidrug resistance of cancer. 相似文献
249.
Impact of FEBRA (fermented brown rice with Aspergillus oryzae, a rich dietary fiber) intake on the concentrations of polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs), -dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs), -dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and -dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in blood of nine married Japanese were studied for 2 years. Concentrations of total PCBs (average+/-standard deviation) were greater 326,000+/-263,000 and 207,000+/-89,000 in FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake groups, respectively, on pg/g lipid (from now onwards data expressed on pg/g lipid). DLPCBs were second major contaminants 94,000+/-77,000 and 60,000+/-28,000, orderly in FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake groups. The concentrations of PCDD/DFs were several orders of magnitude lower than those of PCBs, whereas PCDDs were greater (433+/-233 and 512+/-511, in FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake groups, respectively) than PCDFs (56+/-50 and 43+/-35). Calculated toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations were 34+/-24 and 23+/-10 in FEBRA-intake and non-FEBRA-intake groups, respectively. In order to corroborate the impact of FEBRA, the changes of PCDD/DFs and PCB concentrations for 0.5-year, 1-year, 1.5-year, and 2-year samples were estimated from average concentration of 1-day before study commences and 1-week study samples. The results explicit FEBRA-intake group eliminated 7%, 33%, 45%, 36%, and 26% and non-FEBRA-intake group eliminated 8%, 28%, 36%, 31%, and 20% of DLPCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, PCDD/DF TEQ and total TEQ, respectively. This study is the first of its kind showing the possible elimination of PCDDs, PCDFs and their TEQ in humans from Japan after the consumption of FEBRA. 相似文献
250.
Waste wood recycling as animal bedding and development of bio-monitoring tool using the CALUX assay 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Asari M Takatsuki H Yamazaki M Azuma T Takigami H Sakai S 《Environment international》2004,30(5):639-649
Animal bedding made of waste wood samples from seven different plants in Japan were chemically analyzed in terms of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), drin compounds, chlordane compounds and various inorganic toxic compounds (Cr, Cu, As, B, Cd and Pb) to investigate the chemical characteristics and levels of contamination. Further investigation was conducted to determine the success of applying the Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression (CALUX) bioassay to the waste wood samples in combination with a cleanup procedure for the detection of dioxin-like compounds in order to develop the CALUX bioassay as a rapid and cost-effective screening/monitoring method and a contributive tool to risk management in the waste wood recycling process. For the cleanup procedure, crude extracts from wood samples were prepared by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/n-hexane extraction, and then the extracts were processed by silica gel-44% sulfuric acid reflux treatment at 70 degrees C for 60 min to yield the bioassay fractions. The presence of POPs and inorganic toxic compounds were confirmed in most of the litter samples. In particular, Co-PCBs in one sample (litter dust) showed a high concentration level (1200000 pg/g, 240 pg TEQ/g), suggesting the potential for contamination from demolition waste. The CALUX assay-determined TEQs (CALUX-TEQs) were significantly high in the sample after DMSO/n-hexane extraction, probably due to labile aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands such as PAHs; however, they were remarkably reduced through a single silica gel-44% sulfuric acid reflux treatment. The ratio between CALUX-TEQ values and WHO toxicity equivalent values (WHO-TEQ) obtained by congener-specific chemical analysis ranged from 0.058 to 22 and show comparatively good agreement. Underestimation in some samples, however, was observed where WHO-TEQ values of Co-PCBs contributed greatly to total WHO-TEQ values. Reasons for this gap could be lower CALUX assay-determined relative potencies (REPs) than the WHO-TEFs for these congeners or AhR-antagonistic effects of non dioxin-like PCBs which coexist at higher concentration than Co-PCBs. The CALUX assay is proposed as a promising application in the recycling process of wooden materials. 相似文献