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151.
Chris Fook Sheng Ng Kayo Ueda Hiroshi Nitta Ayano Takeuchi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8767-8776
We conducted a multicity time-series study using monitoring data to assess seasonal patterns of short-term ozone–mortality association among elderly aged 65 years and over in Japan. Daily exposure to ambient ozone was computed using hourly measurements of photochemical oxidants available at multiple monitoring stations in each city. Effects of ozone on daily all-cause non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were estimated using distributed lag linear models, controlling for confounding by temporal, day of the week, temperature, and flu epidemics. City-level effect estimates were combined using inverse variance meta-analysis. In spring and autumn, a 10-ppbv increase of daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentration in the previous 3 days was associated with 0.69 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.27–1.10), 1.07 % (0.34–1.82), and 1.77 % (0.78–2.77) increases in daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. Forward displacement of respiratory mortality was large during the cold season despite lower ozone concentration. Results were generally independent of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Findings suggest significant mortality effects of short-term ozone exposure among the elderly during the moderate season. Those with underlying respiratory diseases were susceptible, even during winter. 相似文献
152.
Takeki Maeda Juzo Matsuda Hiroshi Nakashima Koichi Yoshida Joji Suzuki 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(2):143-149
Over a period of 21 months, we composted food refuse from a student restaurant in Hokkaido University using a commercially
available composting machine. The machine had two reactors, each with a working volume of 250 l. The refuse was mixed with
sawdust in a ratio of 5 l sawdust to 10 kg refuse, and this mixture was fed into the machine daily. We studied the characteristics
of the refuse, the composting mixture, and the finished compost in an effort to optimize the operating parameters. We also
evaluated the effectiveness of the composting process by determining the decomposition rates of the composting materials.
The optimum moisture content of the composting mixture was between 30% wet basis (wb) and 40% wb in this machine. The composting
machine worked well when the first reactor was filled with composting mixture and 0.5 kg lime was added once per week. The
mass of the materials supplied was reduced by 84% over the study period. The decomposition rate of the volatile matter in
all composting materials was 66%. The mass of the food refuse supplied was 14.8 kg/day on average, and the moisture content
of the refuse was 77% wb on average.
Received: October 4, 1999 / Accepted: April 4, 2000 相似文献
153.
A new technique for the separation and pre-concentration of dissolved Fe(III) from the ligand-rich aqueous system is proposed. A solid phase extraction (SPE) system with an immobilized macrocyclic material, commonly known as molecular recognition technology (MRT) gel and available commercially, was used. Synthetic Fe(III) solution in aqueous matrices spiked with a 100-fold concentration of EDTA was used. Dissolved iron that was ‘captured’ by the MRT gel was eluted using hydrochloric acid and subsequently determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of different variables, such as pH, reagent concentration, flow rate and interfering ions, on the recovery of analyte was investigated. Quantitative maximum separation (∼100%) of the dissolved Fe(III) from synthetic aqueous solutions at a natural pH range was observed at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1. The extraction efficiency of the MRT gel is largely unaltered by the coexisting ions commonly found in natural water. When compared with different SPE materials, the separation performance of MRT gel is also much higher. 相似文献
154.
Mai Khiem Ryozo Ooka Hiroshi Hayami Hiroshi Yoshikado Hong Huang Yoichi Kawamoto 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(35):4463-4473
We have assessed the contributions of individual physical and chemical atmospheric processes on ozone formation under different weather conditions during a typical summer month (August 2005) using the MM5/CMAQ modelling system. We found that the ozone episodes in the Kanto region are dominated by three major patterns, of which Patterns I and II are regular summertime pressure patterns with a 26% and 16% frequency of occurrence, respectively. A process analysis at two typical sites in the Kanto region – one located in the central region of Tokyo and the other located in the rural areas of Kanto – indicates that ozone formation is mainly controlled by advection, vertical diffusion, dry deposition, and chemical processes. The ground-level ozone concentrations are enhanced mainly by the vertical mixing of ozone-rich air from aloft, whereas the dry deposition and chemical processes mainly deplete ozone. By investigating the effects of each process under different weather conditions, we found that the significant decrease in ozone removal due to the chemical and advection processes under conditions of high stagnation is the most important cause of the enhanced levels of ozone in the central region of Tokyo. The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of ozone formation in the Kanto region, and they may be valuable for local policy makers for further development planning. 相似文献
155.
Keiichi Akahane Shunsuke Yonai Shigekazu Fukuda Nobuyuki Miyahara Hiroshi Yasuda Kazuki Iwaoka Masaki Matsumoto Akifumi Fukumura Makoto Akashi 《The Environmentalist》2012,32(2):136-143
The Great East Japan Earthquake has occurred on March 11, 2011, in the Tohoku District of Japan. Due to the earthquake, big
tsunamis were induced, and they rushed to the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations, causing severe accidents. Radioactive materials
including I-131, Cs-137 and so on were emitted from the plant to the environment. The Japanese government, Fukushima prefectural
government and other local governments have struggled against the accidents. The restricted area and deliberate evacuation
area are set by the government, and the residents are evacuated. The dose rates in and around Fukushima Prefecture have been
monitored by the governments and other involved organizations. Fukushima government has started the health management survey
for all residents in Fukushima Prefecture including the questions on their activities for the estimations of their external
doses. 相似文献
156.
The present study was conducted within the framework of R&D activities on the development of gasification and reforming technologies for energy and chemical recovery from biomass resources. Gasification of the Japanese cedar wood has been investigated under various operating conditions in a bench-scale externally heated updraft gasifier; this was followed by thermal reforming. Parametric tests by varying the residence times, gasification temperatures, equivalence ratios (ERs) and steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratios were performed to determine their effects on the product gas characteristics. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were preformed to predict the equilibrium gas composition and compared with the experimental value.We found that the product gas characteristics in terms of the H2/CO ratio, CO2/CO ratio, and CH4 and lighter hydrocarbons concentrations are significantly affected by the operating conditions used. Increasing the residence time decreased the CO2/CO ratio; however, a nominal effect was noticed on H2 concentration as a function of the residence time. At sufficient residence time, increasing the temperature led to higher H2 yields, CO efficiency and higher heating value (HHV) of the product gas. The presence of steam during gasification effectively enhanced the proportion of H2 in the product gas. However, higher S/C ratio reduced the HHV of the product gas. Increasing the ER from 0 to 0.3 increased the H2 yields and CO efficiency and decreased the HHV of the product gas.The evolution of CH4 and lighter hydrocarbons at low gasification temperatures was relatively higher than that at high temperature gasification. The evolution of CH4 and lighter hydrocarbons at high gasification temperatures hardly varied over the investigated operating conditions. 相似文献
157.
Masanao Nagamori M.I.M. Mowjood Youichi Watanabe Yugo Isobe Tomonori Ishigaki Ken Kawamoto 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(12):1257-1267
A long-term monitoring of composition of landfill gases in the region with high rainfall was conducted using an argon assay in order to discuss air intrusion into the dump site. Gas samples were taken from vertical gas monitoring pipes installed along transects at two sections (called new and old) of an abandoned waste dump site in Sri Lanka. N2O concentrations varied especially widely, by more than three orders of magnitude (0.046–140 ppmv). The nitrogen/argon ratio of landfill gas was normally higher than that of fresh air, implying that denitrification occurred in the dump site. Argon assays indicate that both N2 and N2O production occurred inside waste and more significantly in the old section. The Ar assay would help for evaluations of N2O emission in developing countries.
Implications: A long-term monitoring of composition of landfill gases in the region with high rainfall was conducted using an argon assay in order to discuss air intrusion into the dump site. Argon assays indicate that both N2 and N2O production occurred inside waste and more significantly in the old section. 相似文献
158.
Yuri Sekimoto Tomoki Okiharu Haruka Nakajima Toshihiro Fujii Koji Shirai Hiroshi Moriwaki 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6531-6538
The aim of this study is to investigate the use of keratin colloidal solution, which was obtained from wool, for the removal of Pb(II) from water. The addition of keratin colloidal solution (15 g L?1, 0.30 mL) to a Pb(II) solution (1.0 mM, 0.90 mL, pH 5.0) resulted in the formation and precipitation of a Pb–keratin aggregate. Measurement of the Pb(II) and protein concentrations in the supernatant solution revealed that 88 and 99 % of the Pb(II) and keratin protein were removed from the solution, respectively. The maximum Pb(II) uptake capacity of keratin in the colloidal solution was 43.3 mg g?1. In addition, the Pb–keratin aggregate was easily decomposed via the addition of nitric acid, which enabled the recovery of Pb(II). However, aggregation did not occur in solutions with Pb(II) concentrations below 0.10 mM. Therefore, we used a keratin colloidal solution encapsulated in a dialysis cellulose tube to remove Pb(II) from 0.10 mM solutions, which enabled the removal of 95 % of the Pb(II). From these results, we conclude that keratin colloidal solution is useful for the treatment of water polluted with Pb(II). 相似文献
159.
Katsuya Kawamoto J. Samuel Arey Philip M. Gschwend 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1426-1435
Abstract Expected urban air concentrations of the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) were calculated using volatile emissions estimates and screening transport models, and these predictions were compared with Boston, MA, area urban air measurements. The total volatile flux of MTBE into the Boston primary metropolitan statistical area (PMSA) airshed was calculated based on estimated automobile nontailpipe emissions and the Universal Quasi-Chemical Functional-Group Activity Coefficient computed abundance of MTBE in gasoline vapor. The fate of MTBE in the Boston PMSA was assessed using both the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances, which is a steady-state multimedia box model, and a simple airshed box model. Both models were parameterized based on the meteorological conditions observed during air sampling in the Boston area. Measured average urban air concentrations of 0.1 and 1 [H9262]g/m3 MTBE during February and September of 2000, respectively, were comparable to corresponding model predictions of 0.3 and 1 μg/m3 and could be essentially explained from estimated temperature-dependent volatile emissions rates, observed average wind speed (the airshed flushing rate), and reaction with ambient tropospheric hydroxyl radical (.OH), within model uncertainty. These findings support the proposition that one can estimate gasoline component source fluxes and use simple multimedia models to screen the potential impact of future proposed gasoline additives on urban airsheds. 相似文献
160.
Arsenic accumulation in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.): a good option for phytoremediation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Some unavoidable drawbacks of traditional technologies have made phytoremediation a promising alternative for removal of arsenic from contaminated soil and water. In the present study, the potential of an aquatic macrophyte Spirodela polyrhiza L. for phytofiltration of arsenic, and the mechanism of the arsenic uptake were investigated. The S. polyrhiza L. were grown in three test concentrations of arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) (i.e. 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0microM) with 0 (control), 100 or 500microM of phosphate. One control treatment was also set for each test concentrations of arsenic. The PO(4)(3-) concentration in control treatment was 0.02microM. When S. polyrhiza L. was cultivated hydroponically for 6d in culture solution containing 0.02microM phosphate and 4.0microM arsenate or DMAA, the arsenic uptake was 0.353+/-0.003micromolg(-1) and 7.65+/-0.27nmolg(-1), respectively. Arsenic uptake into S. polyrhiza L. was negatively (p<0.05) correlated with phosphate uptake when arsenate was applied to the culture solutions owing to similar in the sorption mechanism between AsO(4)(3-) and PO(4)(3-), and positively (p<0.05) correlated with iron uptake due to adsorption of AsO(4)(3-) onto iron oxides. Thus, the S. polyrhiza L. accumulates arsenic by physico-chemical adsorption and via the phosphate uptake pathway when arsenate was added to the solutions. These results indicate that S. polyrhiza L. would be a good arsenic phytofiltrator. In contrast, DMAA accumulation into S. polyrhiza L. was neither affected by the phosphate concentration in the culture nor correlated (p>0.05) with iron accumulation in plant tissues, which indicates that S. polyrhiza L. uses different mechanisms for DMAA uptake. 相似文献