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61.
62.
We investigated competition for food among two groups of six clone amagos (salmonids), Oncorhynchusmasoumacrostomus, in a laboratory experiment with different rates of food input. We examined the effect of temporal clumping of food resources
on the inequality of food sharing between competitors. Monopolization of food by dominants was greater at a low input rate
(one food item per 10 s) than at a high input rate (1 food item per 1 s). Aggressive behavior by dominants was more frequent
at the low input rate than at the high input rate; its purpose was presumably to interfere with the feeding behavior of subordinates.
We assessed the relative importance of three foraging factors (the number of approaches to food items, the chance per approach
and the gain per chance) in enhancing inequality in food gain between individuals. Dominants had a disproportionately high
chance per approach and gain per chance at the low input rate, but not at the high input rate. The chance of obtaining a food
item per approach depended on how many competitors approached simultaneously. The gain per chance depended on the competitive
ability of the approaching fish. There was an interaction between these components, such that the number of approaches affected
the chance per approach and gain per chance. We evaluated the independent effect of the chance per approach, and showed that
it was higher for dominants than for subordinates at the low input rate, but not at the high input rate. This implies that
subordinates changed their behavior and became more likely to avoid approaching food at the same time as dominants at the
low input rate.
Received: 13 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 30 November 1996 相似文献
63.
Enhanced degradation of carbazole and 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soils by Pseudomonas resinovorans strain CA10 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We studied the degradation of carbazole (CAR) and 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3-DCDD) in soils inoculated with carbazole- and dioxin-degrader Pseudomonas resinovorans strain CA10. By using Tn5-based transposon delivery systems, this bacterium was chromosomally marked with a tandem green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. Real-time competitive PCR and direct counting using the (gfp) marker were employed to monitor the total number of carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase gene (carAa) and survival of CA10 cells in the soil and soil slurry microcosms. Bioaugmentation studies indicated that the survival of the marked CA10 cells in soil microcosms was strongly influenced by pH and organic matter. While the number of the marked CA10 cells decreased rapidly in pH 6 with low organic matter, a high cell density was maintained in pH 7.3 with 2.5% organic matters up to 21 days after inoculation. In pH 7.3 soil, the period needed for complete degradation of CAR (100 microg kg(-1)) was markedly shortened from 21 to 7 days by the inoculation with the CA10 cells. Single inoculation of CA10 cells into the soil slurry system of 2,3-DCDD-contaminated soil enhanced the degradation of 2,3-DCDD from 25.0% to 37.0%. In this system, the population density of CA10 cells and the total number of carAa gene were maintained up to 14 days after inoculation. By repeated inoculation (every 2 days) with CA10 cells each at a density of 10(9) CFU g(-1) of soil, almost all of the 2,3-DCDD (1 microg kg(-1)) was degraded within 14 days. Results of these experiments suggest that P. resinovorans strain CA10 may be an important resource for bioremediation of CAR and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in contaminated soils. 相似文献
64.
Hirose J Kondo F Nakano T Kobayashi T Hiro N Ando Y Takenaka H Sano K 《Chemosphere》2005,60(8):1018-1024
Wastewater from clinical institutions contains a considerable amount of toxic substances. Among the toxic substances, antineoplastics may induce carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and the emergence of mutant microorganisms in the environment. Although the incineration or chemical treatments of disposed antineoplastics are recommended, a high energy during incineration and a careful quality control during chemical treatment are required. In this study, we determined the conditions for the electrolytic treatment of an antineoplastic, epirubicin hydrochloride (EH), using two platinum electrodes with a constant current of 100 mA. We analyzed the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of electrolyzed EH and compared them with those of unelectrolyzed EH. Nearly 100% cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity were eliminated and HPLC did not detect an EH molecule, in the case of electrolysis for 6 h. We also examined the biological cytotoxicities of electrolyzed irinotecan hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, mitomycin C, paclitaxel, methotrexate and cisplatin, and found that 72.1-99.999% toxicity was eliminated by electrolysis under the same conditions. The biological toxicity of a mixture of these drugs was determined to be decreased by approximately 99% by electrolysis under the same conditions. 相似文献
65.
Yasunori Ohtsu Ryuzo Yamada Hiroshi Urasaki Tatsuya Misawa Sebastian Popescu Hiroharu Fujita 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(1):25-29
It is necessary to develop a medical waste management system featuring nonburning treatment and safety functions for small
medical institutions. In this article, the development of a waste management system without oxygen injection was achieved
by means of hybrid heating using microwave energy and an electric heater. The shape of the microwave reactor was a rectangular
parallelepiped with a volume of about 0.1 m3. In the experimental setup, microwave energy (2.45 GHz, about 800 W) was injected from the top of the reactor, while the
heater (about 1 kW) was located at the bottom. Heat insulators were set into all the walls of the reactor. The gases generated
in the system were vented through water and activated carbon. Five paper-based diapers with absorbed water were used as the
waste sample. For the evaluation of performance, the reduction rate was defined as the ratio (in percent) of the weight before
and after treatment. The reduction rate as a function of treatment time and the effect of the position of the waste in the
reactor on the reduction rate and the uniformity of treatment were examined for about 3 kg of waste. It was found that the
reduction rate reached as low as 4.2% at 3 h and then 3% after 8 h. The treated profile strongly depended on the position
of the waste in the reactor. In particular, it was clarified that a metal cylindrical enclosure and a needle electrode played
an important role in attaining uniform treatment of the waste. 相似文献
66.
Improvement of permeability of waste sludge by mixing with slag or construction and demolition waste
Hiroshi Asakura Kazuto Endo Masato Yamada Yuzo Inoue Yusaku Ono 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(6):1877-1884
To determine the allowable ratio of waste sludge required to ensure an aerobic zone in the landfill, we investigated sludge permeability, which involved mixing sludge, the major landfill waste in Japan, at different mixing ratios with other wastes (slag and construction and demolition waste (C&D)). We measured parameters of sample permeability and analyzed parameters that exert a large influence on oxygen penetration depth with a simulation model accounting for both diffusion and convection driven by temperature gradients. We also determined the critical volumetric contents in which gas and/or water permeability change significantly when sludge is mixed with sand or gravel. From the results of the simulations, gas permeability of the layer, the difference between inside and outside temperatures and the oxygen consumption rate exert a large influence on the resulting oxygen penetration depth. The allowable ratio of sludge required to ensure an aerobic zone in the landfill was determined by considering the balance of the above three parameters. By keeping volumetric sludge content to below 25%, air convection and oxygen penetration depth of several meters were achieved in the modeling. 相似文献
67.
An experimental study of the behavior of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in leachate treatment processes (aeration, coagulation and sedimentation, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation) was conducted and removal efficiencies were evaluated. Among target EDCs, concentrations of BPA (1800 times), DBP (10 times), BBP (40 times), and DEHP (30 times) in leachate are more than ten times higher than those in surface water. BPA, DBP, and BBP can be treated by aeration and DEHP, by advanced oxidation processes. BPA could not be effectively removed by coagulation and sedimentation because most of BPA partitioned in the supernatant. DEHP could hardly be treated by aeration. The removal ratios of DEHP were approximately 50–70% if the generated sediment was removed completely. The removal ratios of DEHP in leachate of 100 m3/d with 100 kg of activated carbon were 50–70%, assuming a complete mixing model. The concentration of DEHP was decreased to below one-tenth in 120 min by advanced oxidation processes. 相似文献
68.
Takayoshi Ueno Toru Shiino Hiroshi Onishi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》1999,1(1):25-32
Life cycle assessment (LCA), a quantitative method for evaluating the total environmental impact of a product, from the materials
in its manufacture to its final disposal, is playing an increasingly important role in manufacturing. When the LCA method
is applied to a product containing many kinds of electronic components, there is a need for life cycle inventory (LCI) data
on the components. This paper provides an original calculation of the LCI data for each electronic components industry. These
data show the amount of input energy and emissions into the atmosphere per yen of production yield. It is demonstrated that
the magnitude of the LCI data for each industry is essentially equal to that of the other industries. Furthermore, we conclude
that the LCI data for all electronic components are roughly equivalent, making it possible to calculate the LCI data of any
electronic component by simply multiplying the LCI data for the industry by the price of the component. Furthermore, after
comparing the materials production stages with the component manufacturing stage in the calculation, it became clear that
for several component industries the materials production stage could not be omitted from the calculation.
Received: April 10, 1998 / Accepted: February 8, 1999 相似文献
69.
Thermal gasification and reforming technologies applicable over a wide temperature range were investigated for high efficiency
and for the calorific value of the gas evolved from organic waste such as woody debris. The durability of the reforming catalyst
and the availability of catalyst regeneration were investigated using laboratory-scale catalytic reformers and a gasifier.
Commercial Ni-based catalyst and calcined limestone (CaO) were applied to the reforming reaction. The results of woody waste
gasification and reforming revealed the hydrogen concentration produced to be sustained at a high catalyst temperature of
1123 K, which prevented the catalyst from deactivating. The results also indicated that catalyst regeneration by air oxidation
at the same temperature would be effective for enhancing catalytic activity. 相似文献
70.
Athit Phetrak Jenyuk Lohwacharin Hiroshi Sakai Michio Murakami Kumiko Ogum Satoshi Takizawa 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(6):1294-1300
Anion exchange resins (AERs) with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) showed faster dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water. 相似文献