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51.
Hideo Okamura Masahiro Yagi Masanobu Kawachi Takeaki Hanyuda Hiroshi Kawai Iain Walker 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3):545-556
The environmental impact of two biocide-free antifouling paints, fluoropolymer and silicone types, painted on a test cylinder was assessed using a battery of ecotoxicity test and chemical analyses for organic micro-pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A biocide paint containing zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and cuprous oxide was assessed as a positive control. A standardized laboratory rotating-cylinder method using each test cylinder with artificial seawater was performed for 45 days. After 1?h rotation, the leaked seawater was subjected for bioassay and chemical analyses twice weekly. The seawater extracts from the biocide paint showed adverse effects on bacteria, algae, and crustaceans, but those from the biocide-free paints did not. The leakage seawater from biocide-free paints, after 7-day continuous rotation, contained the same concentration levels of PFAS as blank seawater used to conduct the tests. Thus, no significant toxicities of the biocide-free paints were found under the conditions of this study. Simultaneous analysis of ZnPT2 and copper pyrithione (CuPT2) was developed using an HPLC with a polymeric resin column, showing that ZnPT2 was converted to CuPT2 by trans-chelation in the leakage seawater from the positive control paint. The experimental results using a laboratory rotating-cylinder method demonstrated that biocide-free paints did not markedly affect three species tested and no PFAS was detected. In contrast, biocide paint was significantly toxic to test species and toxicity of the extract on bacteria was partly responsible for CuPT2 produced in leakage seawater. Thus, a laboratory rotating-cylinder method may be applied for ecotoxicological assessment of antifouling paints. 相似文献
52.
In this study, limestone powder was directly added to synthetic MSW, which was fed into a small‐scale fluidized bed incinerator. The concentration of CBzs and CPs in the flue gas were measured before and after a secondary combustion air injection. Finally, the PCDDs and PCDFs concentrations were also measured in the flue gas after the secondary combustion zone. The CaCO3 added to synthetic MSW not only controls HCl in the flue gas, but suppresses the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds like CBzs, CPs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. The main mechanisms to control the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds was more likely related to the suppression of catalytic capability of flyash than the HCl reduction in the flue gas. However, the NO concentration was increased by catalytic reaction of limestone in the fluidized bed. 相似文献
53.
Sean M. Richards Todd A. Anderson Michael J. Hooper Scott T. McMurry Steven B. Wall Hiroshi Awata 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3-4):215-234
European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nestlings were used as a surrogate to study the effect of chlorpyrifos application to a corn agroecosystem on songbird reproduction. Chlorpyrifos was applied in a T‐band at 1.3 kg AI/ha, and residues were measured in soil, earthworms, ground‐dwelling insects, and diet items collected from the crop of starling nestlings. Chlorpyrifos levels in soil peaked at 34.2 μg/g, 4 days post‐application, and dissipated to trace levels by 64 days post‐application. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos in earthworms and ground‐dwelling insects reached 0.9 and 0.7 ug/g, respectively. Starling nestling diet items included invertebrates from eight orders with chlorpyrifos concentrations ranging from trace levels to 10.6 μg/g in earthworms. Nestling brain and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity and body mass measurements were taken at 3, 8, and 13 days post‐hatch (DPH). Adult starling fecundity was also measured. Body mass differences between treatment and reference site nestlings at 3 and 13 DPH were not significant at α = 0.05. However, 8 DPH nestlings from the Treatment Site had a transient reduction in weight (p = 0.03) when compared with 8 DPH reference nestlings. There were no significant differences in brain or plasma ChE activities of 3, 8, or 13 DPH nestlings. Further, multiple measures of fecundity (i.e., clutch size, hatching percentage, and fledging percentage) indicated that chlorpyrifos application did not affect starling nestling survival to fledging, as the values from the Treatment and Reference Site were nearly identical. This screening‐level study suggests that although one age group of starling nestlings from the Treatment Site weighed less than their Reference Site counterparts, a single T‐band application of chlorpyrifos did not impair starling nesting success. 相似文献
54.
Ueda Hiroyuki Moriyama Akihiro Iwahashi Hitoshi Moritomi Hiroshi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(2):505-515
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are used for structural materials in the aircraft and automotive industries due to their lightweight and... 相似文献
55.
Fang Yiming Sakai Hiroshi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(7):9923-9931
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Natural organic matter (NOM), commonly found in surface and ground waters, form disinfection by-products in drinking water. Generally, advanced... 相似文献
56.
Hiroe Yasui Toshiharu Akino Midori Fukaya Sadao Wakamura Hiroshi Ono 《Chemoecology》2008,18(4):233-242
Summary. We conducted a series of experiments with the white-spotted longicorn beetle Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson), and its host plant, Citrus unshiu, to examine the origin of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SHCs; including β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-farnesene,
and several unidentified compounds) that are contained in the elytra of the beetles and act as an attractant. In the laboratory,
mechanically wounded citrus branches, as well as those fed upon by A. malasiaca, attracted males more frequently than intact branches. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and subsequent analyses by gas
chromatography (GC) analyses detected measurable SHCs from the air around both mechanically wounded and beetle-infested branches,
as well as trace amounts from intact branches. The SHCs were also detected for a certain time from beetles that had fed on
the citrus branches, but the amounts decreased rapidly after they were removed from the host. This decrease generally corresponded
with a reduction of attractiveness of the beetles in a behavioural assay. Isolated females acquired the SHCs after exposure
to, but not upon contact with, other females that had fed on C. unshiu branches. We hypothesize that the citrus SHCs are adsorbed in, retained on, and released from the wax layer of the beetle
elytra. Since these compounds are released from branches when beetles feed, they may indirectly signal the presence of beetles
to others in the field. The high response rate to SHCs by males is likely representing mate searching behavior. The SHCs act
as kairomones with a releaser effect in the communication system of A. malasiaca.
Hiroe Yasui, Toshiharu Akino, Midori Fukaya: These authors contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
57.
58.
We investigated competition for food among two groups of six clone amagos (salmonids), Oncorhynchusmasoumacrostomus, in a laboratory experiment with different rates of food input. We examined the effect of temporal clumping of food resources
on the inequality of food sharing between competitors. Monopolization of food by dominants was greater at a low input rate
(one food item per 10 s) than at a high input rate (1 food item per 1 s). Aggressive behavior by dominants was more frequent
at the low input rate than at the high input rate; its purpose was presumably to interfere with the feeding behavior of subordinates.
We assessed the relative importance of three foraging factors (the number of approaches to food items, the chance per approach
and the gain per chance) in enhancing inequality in food gain between individuals. Dominants had a disproportionately high
chance per approach and gain per chance at the low input rate, but not at the high input rate. The chance of obtaining a food
item per approach depended on how many competitors approached simultaneously. The gain per chance depended on the competitive
ability of the approaching fish. There was an interaction between these components, such that the number of approaches affected
the chance per approach and gain per chance. We evaluated the independent effect of the chance per approach, and showed that
it was higher for dominants than for subordinates at the low input rate, but not at the high input rate. This implies that
subordinates changed their behavior and became more likely to avoid approaching food at the same time as dominants at the
low input rate.
Received: 13 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 30 November 1996 相似文献
59.
Enhanced degradation of carbazole and 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soils by Pseudomonas resinovorans strain CA10 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We studied the degradation of carbazole (CAR) and 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3-DCDD) in soils inoculated with carbazole- and dioxin-degrader Pseudomonas resinovorans strain CA10. By using Tn5-based transposon delivery systems, this bacterium was chromosomally marked with a tandem green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. Real-time competitive PCR and direct counting using the (gfp) marker were employed to monitor the total number of carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase gene (carAa) and survival of CA10 cells in the soil and soil slurry microcosms. Bioaugmentation studies indicated that the survival of the marked CA10 cells in soil microcosms was strongly influenced by pH and organic matter. While the number of the marked CA10 cells decreased rapidly in pH 6 with low organic matter, a high cell density was maintained in pH 7.3 with 2.5% organic matters up to 21 days after inoculation. In pH 7.3 soil, the period needed for complete degradation of CAR (100 microg kg(-1)) was markedly shortened from 21 to 7 days by the inoculation with the CA10 cells. Single inoculation of CA10 cells into the soil slurry system of 2,3-DCDD-contaminated soil enhanced the degradation of 2,3-DCDD from 25.0% to 37.0%. In this system, the population density of CA10 cells and the total number of carAa gene were maintained up to 14 days after inoculation. By repeated inoculation (every 2 days) with CA10 cells each at a density of 10(9) CFU g(-1) of soil, almost all of the 2,3-DCDD (1 microg kg(-1)) was degraded within 14 days. Results of these experiments suggest that P. resinovorans strain CA10 may be an important resource for bioremediation of CAR and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in contaminated soils. 相似文献
60.
Hirose J Kondo F Nakano T Kobayashi T Hiro N Ando Y Takenaka H Sano K 《Chemosphere》2005,60(8):1018-1024
Wastewater from clinical institutions contains a considerable amount of toxic substances. Among the toxic substances, antineoplastics may induce carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and the emergence of mutant microorganisms in the environment. Although the incineration or chemical treatments of disposed antineoplastics are recommended, a high energy during incineration and a careful quality control during chemical treatment are required. In this study, we determined the conditions for the electrolytic treatment of an antineoplastic, epirubicin hydrochloride (EH), using two platinum electrodes with a constant current of 100 mA. We analyzed the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of electrolyzed EH and compared them with those of unelectrolyzed EH. Nearly 100% cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity were eliminated and HPLC did not detect an EH molecule, in the case of electrolysis for 6 h. We also examined the biological cytotoxicities of electrolyzed irinotecan hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, mitomycin C, paclitaxel, methotrexate and cisplatin, and found that 72.1-99.999% toxicity was eliminated by electrolysis under the same conditions. The biological toxicity of a mixture of these drugs was determined to be decreased by approximately 99% by electrolysis under the same conditions. 相似文献