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491.
Romo S Fernández F Ouahid Y Barón-Sola Á 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):939-949
Cyanobacteria dominance and cyanotoxin production can become major threats to humans and aquatic life, especially in warm
shallow lakes, which are often dominated by cyanobacteria. This study investigates the occurrence and distribution of microcystins
(MCYST) in water, cell-bound and in the tissues of the commercial mugilid Liza sp. in the largest, coastal, Spanish Mediterranean lake (Albufera of Valencia). This is the first report concerning microcystin
accumulation in tissues of mugilid fish species. Considerable amounts of microcystins were found in the water and seston,
which correlated with development of Microcystis aeruginosa populations in the lake. The MCYST concentrations found in Lake Albufera (mean 1.7 and 17 μg/L and maximum 16 and 120 μg/L
in water and seston, respectively) exceeded by one to two orders of magnitude the guideline levels proposed by the World Health
Organization and were higher than that reported in other lakes of the Mediterranean zone. The presence of MCYST was found
in all the fishes studied and accumulated differently among tissues of the commercial species Liza sp. Toxin accumulation in fish tissues showed that although the target organ for MCYST was the liver, high concentrations
of microcystins were also found in other analysed tissues (liver>intestine>gills>muscle). Human tolerable daily intake for
microcystins is assessed relative to the WHO guidelines, and potential toxicological risks for humans, wildlife and related
ecosystems of the lake are discussed. 相似文献
492.
The presence of natural estrogen hormones as trace concentrations in the environment has been reported by many researchers
and is of growing concern due to its possible adverse effects on the ecosystem. In this study, municipal biosolids, poultry
manure (PM) and cow manure (CM), and spent mushroom compost (SMC) were analyzed for the presence of seven estrogen hormones.
17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-dihydroequilin, and estrone were detected in the sampled biosolids and manures at concentrations
ranging from 6 to 462 ng/g of dry solids. 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were also detected in SMC at concentrations
ranging from 4 to 28 ng/g of dry solids. Desorption experiments were simulated in the laboratory using deionized water (milli-Q),
and the aqueous phase was examined for the presence of estrogen hormones to determine their desorption potential. Very low
desorption of 0.4% and 0.2% estrogen hormones was observed from municipal biosolids and SMC, respectively. An estimate of
total estrogen contribution from different solid waste sources is reported. Animal manures (PM and CM) contribute to a significant
load of estrogen hormones in the natural environment. 相似文献
493.
A differential pulse polarography (DPP) for the simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol was proposed.
It was found that under optimum experimental conditions (pH = 5, scan rate = 5 mV/s, pulse amplitude = −50 mV), 2-nitrophenol
and 4-nitrophenol had well-defined polarographic reduction waves with peak potentials at −317 and −406 mV, respectively. In
the mixture of two compounds overlapping polarographic peaks were observed. In this study, support vector regression (SVR)
was applied to resolve the overlapped polarograms. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the performance of SVR and partial
least square (PLS) on data set. The results demonstrated that SVR is a better well-performing alternative for the analysis
and modeling of DPP data than the commonly applied PLS technique. The proposed method was used for the determination of 2-nitrophenol
and 4-nitrophenol in industrial waste water. 相似文献
494.
Assessment of drinking water quality using ICP-MS and microbiological methods in the Bholakpur area,Hyderabad, India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abdul RM Mutnuri L Dattatreya PJ Mohan DA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1581-1592
A total of 16 people died and over 500 people were hospitalized due to diarrhoeal illness in the Bholakpur area of Hyderabad,
India on 6th May 2009. A study was conducted with immediate effect to evaluate the quality of municipal tap water of the Bholakpur
locality. The study consists of the determination of physico-chemical properties, trace metals, heavy metals, rare earth elements
and microbiological quality of drinking water. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as
follows: pH 7.14 to 8.72, EC 455 to 769 μS/cm, TDS 303.51 to 515.23 ppm and DO 1.01 to 6.83 mg/L which are within WHO guidelines
for drinking water quality. The water samples were analyzed for 27 elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The concentrations of Fe (0.12 to 1.13 mg/L), Pb (0.01 to 0.07 mg/L), Cu (0.01 to 0.19 mg/L), Ni (0.01 to 0.15 mg/L), Al (0.16
to 0.49 mg/L), and Na (38.36 to 68.69 mg/L) were obtained, which exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization
(WHO) for drinking water quality guidelines. The remaining elements were within the permissible limits. The microbiological
quality of water was tested using standard plate count, membrane filtration technique, thermotolerant coliform (TTC), and
most probable number (MPN) methods. The total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.0 × 105 to 18 × 107 cfu/ml. Total viable bacteria in all the water samples were found to be too numerable to count and total number of coliform
bacteria in all water samples were found to be of order of 1,100 to >2,400 MPN index/100 ml. TTC tested positive for coliform
bacteria at 44.2°C. All the water samples of the study area exceeded the permissible counts of WHO and that (zero and minimal
counts) of the control site (National Geophysical Research Institute) water samples. Excessively high colony numbers indicate
that the water is highly contaminated with microorganisms and is hazardous for drinking purposes. Bacteriological pollution
of drinking water supplies caused diarrhoeal illness in Bholakpur, which is due to the infiltration of contaminated water
(sewage) through cross connection, leakage points, and back siphoning. 相似文献
495.
Mayack DT 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2497-2516
Many non-linear processes link atmospheric emissions to the bioavailability of metals; consequently, the monitoring of metals
in ecosystem components is required to model their ecodynamics. American mink (Neovison vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis) have the potential to serve as an upper-level-consumer component in monitoring metals bioavailability. However, the relationship
of bioaccumulated metals to various environmental factors has not been explored nor have the effects of demographic factors
been resolved. To address these limitations, mink and otter, collected throughout New York State during 1998–2002, were analyzed
for hepatic concentrations of total mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Relationships were investigated between metals
concentrations and landscape-level factors (physiographic zone, hydrologic unit, and elevation) and demographic factors (gender
and age). Considerable variation in Hg and Cd concentrations was observed relative to both physiographic zone and hydrologic
unit for both species. In contrast with Hg, Cd concentration increased predictably with increasing elevation. Mercury concentrations
were greater, but for Cd less, in otter than mink. Lead concentrations showed little landscape heterogeneity and were independent
of elevation. Age-related bioaccumulation was evident for Hg and Cd, but not for Pb, in both species. Mercury and Cd concentrations
were greater in female than male mink; however, Pb concentrations were greater in males than females. Inverse relationships
of relative growth (weight/length) to metals concentrations explained gender differences in Hg and Cd in mink. For otter,
no gender-related differences in metals concentrations were apparent. The suitability of mink and otter for monitoring programs
is discussed. 相似文献
496.
Al-Tayar NG Nagaraja P Vasantha RA Shresta AK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):181-191
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method involving the interaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with imipramine hydrochloride
in presence of vanadium (V) in sulfuric acid medium has been proposed for the determination of vanadium. The purple-colored
product developed showed an absorption maximum at 560 nm and was stable for 24 h. The working curve was linear over the concentration
range of 0.1–2.8 μg ml − 1, with sensitivity of detection of 0.0124 μg ml − 1. Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 2.6 × 104 l/mol cm and 0.0039 μg cm − 1, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed by Student’s t test and variance ratio F test, and the results were on par with the reported method. The method was successfully used in the determination of V in
water, human urine, soil, and plant samples, and it was free from interference by various concomitant ions. 相似文献
497.
Landscape ecological security assessment based on projection pursuit in Pearl River Delta 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gao Y Wu Z Lou Q Huang H Cheng J Chen Z 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2307-2319
Regional landscape ecological security is an important issue for ecological security, and has a great influence on national
security and social sustainable development. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China has experienced rapid economic
development and intensive human activities in recent years. This study, based on landscape analysis, provides a method to
discover the alteration of character among different landscape types and to understand the landscape ecological security status.
Based on remotely sensed products of the Landsat 5 TM images in 1990 and the Landsat 7 ETM+ images in 2005, landscape classification
maps of nine cities in the PRD were compiled by implementing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technology.
Several indices, including aggregation, crush index, landscape shape index, Shannon’s diversity index, landscape fragile index,
and landscape security adjacent index, were applied to analyze spatial–temporal characteristics of landscape patterns in the
PRD. A landscape ecological security index based on these outcomes was calculated by projection pursuit using genetic algorithm.
The landscape ecological security of nine cities in the PRD was thus evaluated. The main results of this research are listed
as follows: (1) from 1990 to 2005, the aggregation index, crush index, landscape shape index, and Shannon’s diversity index
of nine cities changed little in the PRD, while the landscape fragile index and landscape security adjacent index changed
obviously. The landscape fragile index of nine cities showed a decreasing trend; however, the landscape security adjacent
index has been increasing; (2) from 1990 to 2005, landscape ecology of the cities of Zhuhai and Huizhou maintained a good
security situation. However, there was a relatively low value of ecological security in the cities of Dongguan and Foshan.
Except for Foshan and Guangzhou, whose landscape ecological security situation were slightly improved, the cities had reduced
values in landscape ecological security, with the most decreased number 0.52 in Zhaoqing. Results of this study offer important
information for regional eco-construction and natural resource exploitation. 相似文献
498.
Montes AM González-Farias FA Botello AV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1359-1369
The lagoon system of Navachiste-Macapule is located in northern Mexico, in the state of Sinaloa, with an area of 24,000 ha.
The main economic activity in the area is agriculture, and the lagoon lies next to the irrigation district ID-063 which covers
116,615 ha. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the levels of pollution generated by organochlorine pesticides (OC) in
the surface sediments of the lagoon and in the agricultural drains of the ID-063 that are supposedly transported into the
system as a result of agricultural activities and runoff from adjacent land. For this, between 2006 and 2007, 45 surface sediment
samples were collected (warm dry, rainy and cold dry) from 15 sampling sites, during the three climatic seasons. Of these,
eight were located inside the lagoon in marine conditions (salinity >31 PSU) and seven in the agricultural drains of the ID-063
in freshwater conditions (salinity <5 PSU). The average concentration of the OC in the sediments was 44.75 ng g − 1, among which the group of the alicyclic compounds presented the greatest concentrations. The average value of the total organic
carbon (TOC) in the sediments of the system was 0.90%. The sediments collected inside the lagoon had an average OC concentration
of 18.97 ng g − 1, and the predominant type of sediment was fine to very fine sand. The average OC concentration in the sediments collected
in the agricultural drains was 75.69 ng g − 1, where fine sediments (silt) were predominant. The presence of methoxychlor, endrin and heptachlor suggested that these compounds
were continuously used in the system, even though their use is forbidden in Mexico. 相似文献
499.
de Figueiredo DR Ferreira RV Cerqueira M de Melo TC Pereira MJ Castro BB Correia A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):471-485
The information on bacterial community composition (BCC) in Portuguese water bodies is very scarce. Cértima River (central
western Portugal) is known to have high levels of pollution, namely organic. In the present work, the BCC from a set of 16
water samples collected from Cértima River Basin and its main tributaries was characterized using 16S rDNA–denaturing gradient
gel electrophoresis, a culture-independent molecular approach. Molecular data were related to environmental parameters through
multivariate analysis to investigate potential impact of water pollution along the river. Principal component analysis using
environmental data showed a water quality gradient from more pristine waters (at the mountain tributaries) to waters with
increasingly eutrophic potential (such as Fermentelos Lake). This gradient was mainly defined by factors such as organic and
inorganic nutrient sources, electrical conductivity, hydrogen carbonate concentration, and pH. Molecular results showed variations
in BCC along Cértima River Basin but in the main river section, a Bacteroidetes phylotype (Flavobacterium sp.) proved to be dominant throughout the river course. Multivariate analysis suggests that spatial variation of BCC along
the Cértima River Basin depended mainly on parameters such as Chl a, total suspended solid (TSS), total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and HCO
_boxclose^-_{3}^{-} levels. Bacteroidetes phylotypes were all related to higher electrical conductivity and HCO3-_{3}^{-} levels although some of these were also correlated with high SO42-_{4}^{2-} and others with high soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, TN, and Kjeld-N levels. The Gammaproteobacteria occurrence was correlated with high SO42-_{4}^{2-} levels. One of the Betaproteobacteria phylotypes showed to correlate with low redox potential (Eh) and high temperature, pH, TSS, and Chl a levels while another one showed a negative correlation with Chl a values. 相似文献
500.
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are straight chain hydrocarbons that are produced as complex mixtures and are used as flame retardants
and paint additives. These mixtures are extremely difficult to characterize using conventional chromatographic methods, as
conventional gas chromatography results in unresolved complex chromatograms that preclude the identification and quantification
of individual congeners or any reasonable assessment of the average carbon chain length. Carbon chain length is an important
parameter for assessing physical properties and the toxicity of these materials. We have modified and improved a previously
published gas chromatography–flame ionization detector method that uses Pd catalyst held in the gas chromatograph injector
to simultaneously dechlorinate the CPs and separate the resulting alkanes. In addition, we have adapted this method to gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry. Dehalogenation of other compounds was also studied with this system to investigate potential
application to other complex halogenated mixtures. 相似文献