TiO2/SiO2催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B的表观动力学

采用多孔硅胶为载体的TiO₂/SiO₂光催化剂,建立了三相内循环流化床光催化氧化体系,并以罗丹明B染料为典型污染物,研究其降解规律.通过对罗丹明B降解过程的表观动力学研究,发现在该体系中罗丹明B的降解并不符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应动力学模型.实验表明,其降解反应动力学符合双曲型模式,即降解率的倒数1/X和时间的倒数1/t成线性关系.反应速率常数与反应物初始浓度无关,与光源强度和相对体积能量吸收速率成正比.将不同实验条件下的罗丹明B的降解率实测值与模型计算值相比较,二者能很好吻合,平均相对偏差仅为3.25%.     

Nationwide monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from coastal environment of Korea

To assess the organochlorine contamination in the Korean marine environment, a nationwide monitoring study was conducted. A total of 138 surface sediments, covering the whole Korean coast, were collected and analyzed. Organochlorine compounds (OCs) were widely distributed in the Korean coastal environment, with PCB and DDT contamination being particularly prevalent. The overall concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and HCB in surface sediments were in the range of 0.088-199ngg(-1) (median value: 1.56ngg(-1)), 0.006-135ngg(-1) (0.68ngg(-1)), not detected (ND)-5.46ngg(-1) (0.32ngg(-1)), ND-3.26ngg(-1) (0.14ngg(-1)), and ND-2.59ngg(-1) (0.05ngg(-1)), respectively. The southeastern coast was found to be highly contaminated. Overall contamination status of Korean coastal sediments with regard to OCs is lower than that of USA. With the exception of highly industrialized sites, Korean coastal areas in general showed similar OC concentrations to those of other Asian countries. There was a significant correlation between distributions of most organochlorine contaminants with each other. OC contamination is closely related to shipping and industrial activities. Of the 7 sites categorized as highly polluted, 4 are in a harbor zone. Adverse effects to benthic communities are expected at the levels of OC contamination observed from harbor and industrial areas.     

Emission factors of air toxics from semiconductor manufacturing in Korea

The development of local, accurate emission factors is very important for the estimation of reliable national emissions and air quality management. For that, this study is performed for pollutants released to the atmosphere with source-specific emission tests from the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The semiconductor manufacturing industry is one of the major sources of air toxics or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs); thus, understanding the emission characteristics of the emission source is a very important factor in the development of a control strategy. However, in Korea, there is a general lack of information available on air emissions from the semiconductor industry. The major emission sources of air toxics examined from the semiconductor manufacturing industry were wet chemical stations, coating applications, gaseous operations, photolithography, and miscellaneous devices in the wafer fabrication and semiconductor packaging processes. In this study, analyses of emission characteristics, and the estimations of emission data and factors for air toxics, such as acids, bases, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds from the semiconductor manufacturing process have been performed. The concentration of hydrogen chloride from the packaging process was the highest among all of the processes. In addition, the emission factor of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) for the packaging process was higher than that of the wafer fabrication process. Emission factors estimated in this study were compared with those of Taiwan for evaluation, and they were found to be of similar level in the case of TVOCs and fluorine compounds.     

长江上游泥石流灾害的特征

长江上游地区地质条件复杂、新构造运动强烈、地震活跃、地形起伏巨大、降水丰沛而集中,对泥石流发育极为有利;而长期不合理的人类经济活动(如过度采伐森林、毁林开荒、陡坡耕作、建设和采矿不合理弃渣等)则对生态环境造成强烈破坏,加剧了泥石流灾害的发生,使长江上游成为我国泥石流活动最强烈及灾害最严重的地区。据统计,1753~2002年的200多年中,区内仅一场泥石流致死百人以上的特大灾害点就达17个,累计死亡近6 000人;致死百人以下的灾害点更多,致死十人以下的灾害点不计其数,死亡人数总和远远大于上列数字;有60余个市县政府驻地城镇受泥石流危害或威胁,乡镇则多达上百个。由泥石流造成的人员伤亡每年数十到数百人,经济损失10~15(亿元／a)。其灾害的严重性由此可见一斑。泥石流灾害已成为制约长江上游地区经济发展的重要因素之一。研究泥石流灾害,掌握其特征,是长江上游防灾减灾所必需,对促进长江上游地区社会经济发展和西部大开发具有重要意义。长江上游己查明的泥石流沟6 800余条。其特殊的地理位置和巨大的地形高差及岩性差异,使区内发育的泥石流不仅数量众多,而且类型石相当齐全,除无火山泥石流外,几乎 包含了世界上目前己发现的其他各种类型的泥石流。在青藏高原边缘等岭谷高差变化大的地貌过渡带,泥石流极为发育;沿深大断裂带和强烈地震带泥石流集中分布;泥石流主要出现在流域面积小于10 km\+2的小流域内,分布呈非地带性特征。泥石流活动频率高,每年都有成百上千处发生,导致了泥石流灾害频繁。如云南东川的蒋家沟,从1965~2001年的37年中,共发生泥石流459次,平均12．4次／a;甘肃武都柳弯沟平均每年暴发泥石流11次。此外,泥石流搬运泥沙石块的能力惊人,搬运物以粗粒物质为主,据干流和支流的69个泥石流堆积物样品分析,堆积物中粒径大于20 mm 的石块占43.%~64.8%,平均50．4％;由此,常常造成其汇入的主河被堵塞而形成淹没和溃决后水毁等次生灾害。泥石流冲刷与淤积能力极强,运动中可将基岩下切10余m,金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河、岷江及其支流被泥石流堵塞成湖,形成淹没灾害,溃决后对下游造成严重的水毁灾害,均屡见不鲜。     

浅议保险对企业安全监督管理之作用

通过开展适合于保险和安全监管工作的风险评估体系的研究,充分发挥保险于安全监管的作用,从而为降低职工、企业乃至全社会的风险水平,为经济的可持续发展和社会稳定提供必要的保证。     

Research on 10-year tendency of China coal mine accidents and the characteristics of human factors

The trend of China coal mine accidents in the latest 10 years was studied and the human factors in these accidents were analyzed by multi-dimensional statistic analysis. It shows that the number of major coal mine accidents and the death toll in the accidents were decreasing steadily, while sporadic death accidents still accounted for the largest percentage of deaths. Gas outburst accidents, gas explosion accidents and mine water accidents remained the major part of the whole story and subject to close attention. Among the causes of these accidents, human factors accounted for 94.09%, of which intentional violation, mismanagement and defective design accounted for 35.43%, 55.12%, 3.54% respectively. Improper operational and management practices in which the safety system, procedures and specifications were neglected or broken were still key roots of China coal mine accidents.     

高炉渣制备光催化剂及其催化活性的研究

以废弃的冶金高炉渣为原料,采用混酸酸溶-水热合成法制备了光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、UV-Vis、XRD、比表面积等物性测试分析;通过处理甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、混酸配比、渣用量、溶渣时间等条件对高炉渣制光催化剂活性的影响。将所制光催化剂与P25光催化剂进行对比分析,结果表明,高炉渣制光催化剂不仅具有较高的光催化活性,而且制备成本低廉,仅为P25光催化剂的1/10,这对于冶金高炉渣的循环再利用及光催化氧化技术的工业化应用具有重要的实际意义。     

村镇生活垃圾重金属含量及其来源分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇的生活垃圾进行采样调查,系统分析我国村镇生活垃圾中重金属污染特征及其可能来源.结果表明,我国北方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.51±8.89)、(0.64±0.42)、(21.91±12.29)、(4.82±8.37)、(86.36±59.99)、(36.43±15.98)、(62.19±36.61)和(46.07±25.22)mg·kg-1,南方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.43±8.82)、(0.83±0.74)、(21.62±13.76)、(1.84±4.55)、(131.06±74.96)、(37.20±16.80)、(98.04±63.71)和(46.75±25.75)mg·kg-1.与《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB 8172-87)和《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准相比,重金属Cd和Hg超标较严重.通过聚类分析、Pearson相关分析和主成分分析解析垃圾中重金属污染物的来源,结果表明我国典型村镇生活垃圾中Pb和Cd主要来源于厨余、灰土、橡塑类和纸质等印刷品,Hg主要来源于厨余和灰土,Zn和Cr主要来源于灰土,Cu主要来源于电子、电池类废弃物和尘土、橡塑、纸质等印刷品,Ni主要来源于废弃的电子、电池类产品,As主要来源于杀虫剂等农药和肥料.     

Effects of cultivation strategies on the cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in photoreactors

Heterotrophic cultivation caused high level of ROS and high lipids accumulation. HMTC is the best culture strategy for improving the microalgal biomass. Chlorella sp. HQ had great nutrient removal capacity under five culture strategies. The effects of cultivation strategies (including autotrophic cultivation (AC), heterotrophic cultivation (HC), fed-batch cultivation (FC), heterotrophic+ autotrophic two-stage cultivation (HATC), and heterotrophic+ mixotrophic two-stage cultivation (HMTC)) on the growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. HQ and its total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal in secondary effluent were investigated in column photoreactors. The results showed that the TN and TP removal rates ranged between 93.72%–95.82% and 92.73%–100%, respectively, under the five different strategies. The microalgal growth potential evaluated by the maximal growth rate (R_max) was in the order of HMTC>HC>FC>AC>HATC. The values of biomass, total lipid yield, triacylglycerols (TAGs) yield, and total lipid content of the microalga cultivated in the last 5 d increased significantly, but the TAGs productivities of the five strategies were lower than those in the first 7 d. Compared with all the other cultivation strategies, the TAGs productivity and yield after 12 d of cultivation under the heterotrophic condition reached the highest values accompanying the highest level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in which the TAGs yield reached 40.81 mg/L at the end of the cultivation period. The peaks in TAGs yield and ROS level suggested that HC was beneficial for lipids accumulation via regulating the cellular redox status and exerting ROS stress on microalgal cells. In summary, HMTC was the best cultivation strategy for improving the microalgal biomass and HC was the best strategy for microalgal TAGs accumulation to produce biodiesel.     

一种复合绝缘子爬电距离测量工具的研制与应用

复合绝缘子在高压输电线路中主要起到支持、固定和绝缘作用,其爬电距离是复合绝缘子检测的必测项目。由于复合绝缘子爬电距离测量存在困难,在传统测量方法的基础上,开发研制了一种复合绝缘子爬电距离测量工具,采用激光直线仪和手持测量仪相配合,进行复合绝缘子爬电距离的测量,并在实际应用中与传统方法相对比。结果表明:该套测量工具不仅解决了试验人员测量复合绝缘子爬电距离时工作量大、测量精度低的问题,而且能够实时显示测量结果,具有双向测量、暂停、停电记忆等功能,提高了测量工作的灵活性和可靠性,同时缩短了复合绝缘子爬电距离测量时间,提高了工作效率。