Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.     

废弃锂离子电池中金属的回收及钴酸锂的湿法合成

采用湿法回收并合成锂离子电池中钴酸锂。考察了不同的有机溶剂溶解粘结剂PVDF、不同酸浸条件对钴酸锂浸出效果的影响、碳酸钴和碳酸锂共沉淀物的焙烧条件,并对所获得的钴酸锂进行结构分析。结果表明,N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）作为溶解PVDF的溶剂效果最佳;当硫酸浓度6％、固液比1：30、30％的H2O：1．4mL／g、温度80℃、反应120min时为硫酸浸出最佳条件,此时钴的浸出率为92．3％,锂的浸出率为92．0％;合成LiCoO2时的焙烧温度在750℃较为合适。SEM分析表明,颗粒粒度小,分散性好。     

含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果

通过化学实验方法,向砷污染水稻土中添加4种含铁材料(FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3),分析稳定后土壤中pH、砷形态及砷毒性浸出量的变化,研究4种含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果。结果表明,FeCl3和FeCl2处理降低了土壤pH,Fe0和Fe2O3处理对土壤pH影响不大。4种含铁材料均明显降低了土壤中易溶态砷(WE-As)和毒性浸出砷含量。在最大添加量为8.00 g/kg时,FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3分别使易溶态砷比对照降低了86.4%、63.6%、77.3%和36.4%,使毒性浸出砷比对照降低了96.3%、88.9%、70.4%和30.4%。4种含铁材料均对水稻土壤中砷具有较好的稳定化效果,且能力大小依次为:FeCl3FeCl2、Fe0Fe2O3。Fe0和Fe2O3处理使WE-As、铝型砷(Al-As)、铁型砷(Fe-As)向钙型砷(Ca-As)和残渣态砷(RS-As)转化;FeCl3处理使土壤WE-As、Al-As向Fe-As、Ca-As和RS-As转化;FeCl2处理使土壤WE-As、Ca-As向Al-As、Fe-As转化,对RS-As影响不明显。说明Fe0固砷的机理与Fe2O3相似,与FeCl3有一定差异,与FeCl2的差异可能更大。     

复合人工湿地对水源地库区水质净化效果分析

宁波皎口水库是水源地,皎口复合人工湿地位于皎口水库的进水口,采用多种水流方式复合,对提高水库水质及保障饮用水安全具有积极的作用。为了探明人工湿地在微污染地区的应用价值,对人工湿地水源地水质净化效能进行了研究。在1年的监测调查调查中,研究探讨了复合人工湿地及其不同模块在不同季节的净化效果。结果表明,该人工湿地对总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别可达到为34.7%和42.6%,对COD和TOC的平均去除率可达到28.5%和21.6%。COD、NH₄⁺-N和总磷出水平均浓度分别为2.193、0.215和0.021 mg/L,均达到 《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。在比较不同模块去除效果方面,提出了具有填料的生态滤池更有利于磷的去除,而对于氮、有机物等营养元素,复合多级强化生物膜系统及营养盐集约式植物资源化系统则有较好的去除效果。     

An inexact dynamic optimization model for municipal solid waste management in association with greenhouse gas emission control

Municipal solid waste (MSW) should be properly disposed in order to help protect environmental quality and human health, as well as to preserve natural resources. During MSW disposal processes, a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) is emitted, leading to a significant impact on climate change. In this study, an inexact dynamic optimization model (IDOM) is developed for MSW-management systems under uncertainty. It grounds upon conventional mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approaches, and integrates GHG components into the modeling framework. Compared with the existing models, IDOM can not only deal with the complex tradeoff between system cost minimization and GHG-emission mitigation, but also provide optimal allocation strategies under various emission-control standards. A case study is then provided for demonstrating applicability of the developed model. The results indicate that desired waste-flow patterns with a minimized system cost and GHG-emission amount can be obtained. Of more importance, the IDOM solution is associated with over 5.5 million tonnes of TEC reduction, which is of significant economic implication for real implementations. Therefore, the proposed model could be regarded as a useful tool for realizing comprehensive MSW management with regard to mitigating climate-change impacts.     

山谷型生活垃圾填埋场填埋方案及防洪措施设计实例

以甘肃省武山县生活垃圾填埋场为例,对山谷型生活垃圾填埋场的不同填埋方案及防洪措施进行了分析比较,确定了填埋场工程总体方案布局,为山谷型生活垃圾填埋场工程设计提供了参考解决方案。     

Effect of pyrolysis temperature and hold time on the characteristic parameters of adsorbent derived from sewage sludge

According to the Doehlert‘s matrix method, the adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was prepared through chemical activation under controlling the pyrolysis temperature and hold time. The characteristic parameters including the total yield, adsorption of methylene blue, adsorption of iodine, BET surface area, micro-pore volume are 35%-49%, ]6..5--38 mg/g, 28.5--362 mg/g, 18.5--359 m^2/g, and 0.112--0.224 m^3/g, respectively. According to the experimental data, the multi-linear regression method was adopted to fit the relations between the characteristic parameters and influential factors. At final, through optimization method, the optimal adsorbent is obtained when using 62 min as hold time and 1105K as pyrolysis temperature. Under the conditions, the adsorbent was produced and compared the characteristic parameters with model forecast value, the coherence is satisfied.     

淋滤水量对多环芳烃在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响研究

为了揭示淋滤作用对多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤剖面中纵向迁移的影响,选取北京市昌平区一条具有代表性的土壤剖面作为实验样品,进行了PAHs土柱淋滤模拟研究。结果表明:经过淋滤作用后,淋滤水量不同的三个土柱(A1,A2,A3,淋滤水量依次增大)表层土中残留PAHs总量逐渐降低,但不同环数PAHs含量降低幅度存在较大的差别,低环数PAHs受影响程度更大;在淋滤水量相同的情况下,不同环数PAHs的含量均存在随土柱深度的增大而逐渐降低的趋势,但降低程度存在一定差别。由此推测,通过长期淋滤作用,表层土中的PAHs可以向深层土壤迁移,这些认识可以为深层土壤及浅层地下水的多环芳烃污染评价及保护提供合理的理论依据。     

三阶段控温堆肥过程中接种复合微生物菌群的变化规律研究

接种复合微生物是提高堆肥效率的主要方法之一,但由于堆料中土生微生物的竞争,较高浓度的土生微生物浓度会抑制接种微生物的长生繁殖.实验表明:当堆料中土生微生物初始浓度为4×10⁸CFU/g时,所接种的微生物不增殖,且随着堆肥的进行,浓度下降很快;而非接种微生物增殖很快,最高浓度可达10¹⁰CFU/g.当土生微生物浓度降低至4×10⁵个/g,接种微生物增殖较快,最高达10¹¹CFU/g.因此,本文利用堆肥自身产热和少许外来热源加热的三阶段控温法进行堆肥.使堆温在4 h内迅速升到70℃以上,并维持8 h,从而使土生微生物浓度降至4×10⁵个/g以下,并起到软化堆料,便于微生物降解的目的.待温度冷却至35℃～45℃时,接种复合微生物,使其快速生长繁殖,数量从10⁸ CFU/g上升到10¹¹CFU/g(干样品),且接种微生物以非接种做生物保持优势地位,从而快速分解垃圾中的有机物.由于在最终产品中含有大量接种有益微生物,可利用其作为菌肥进行回流接种堆肥,以增加堆料中接种微生物数目、改善堆肥微环境、节约菌剂用量、缩短堆肥发酵周期和降低堆肥成本.但利用接种微生物堆肥产品作为菌肥反复接种时,随着反复次数的增加,非接种微生物高浓度繁殖;接种微生物和非接种微生物浓度比约为1:3(反复接种5次),浓度情况发生了逆变.因此,回流菌肥反复接种5次后,接种菌剂基本上就不再起作用了.     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计