城市生活垃圾堆肥过程控制技术的现状和发展

介绍了堆肥处理过程的特点 ,叙述了国内外城市生活垃圾过程控制技术的发展现状 ,指出了该技术今后的主要发展方向及发展趋势 ,并讨论了垃圾堆肥过程控制面临的理论与实际问题。     

Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(3)平行换乘车站火灾*

为探究平行换乘车站火灾烟气扩散特性及排烟优化模式,利用1∶10地铁换乘车站模型,在公共站厅、站台、单洞单线隧道、单洞双线隧道中设计多种火灾场景,分析各区域内的顶棚温度分布情况。结果表明:公共站厅不同位置发生火灾时,各区域内的烟气蔓延特性和通风排烟效果不同;站台火灾时,打开屏蔽门能增大补风量,延缓火源上方的升温过程,降低站台内部温升,并且在联合站台及两侧隧道排烟时仅开启火源附近6个屏蔽门有利于提高排烟效率;单洞单线隧道火灾时烟气温度相对较高,单洞双线隧道火灾时,近火源区域内起火隧道和未起火隧道的烟气分布特性不同,烟气可通过打开的屏蔽门蔓延至临近站台,开启隧道排烟及站台送风后能有效减小温升幅度和烟气扩散范围。实验结果可为平行换乘车站中的火灾烟气通风控制方案提供数据支撑。     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

Investigation of three system shut-down strategies alongside optimization suggestion for proton exchange membrane fuel cells via in-situ measurements

ABSTRACT

Carbon corrosion caused by H₂/O₂ interface during the shut-down process is one of the factors that exacerbate the overall degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in automotive applications. Numerous studies have shown that system strategies are beneficial for reducing the duration of H₂/O₂ interface and alleviating performance degradation. In this paper, three different shut-down strategies are investigated and compared based on the internal behaviors acquired by in-situ measurements. For the three shut-down strategies, reverse current and high potential are mainly observed in a lower constant current and constant power strategy. Comparatively speaking, the internal uniformity of the cell under constant current and power load is better than that with constant voltage strategy when the shut-down time is about the same. The results suggest that adopting a higher constant power load followed by a larger voltage load during the shut-down process can effectively shorten the shut-down time and relieve carbon corrosion. These results add significant new insights into the shut-down process and will be of practical importance in directing design of combined shut-down strategy that can withstand carbon corrosion.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水中40种抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HLB-HPLC-MS9种氟喹诺酮类(QNs)、7种大环内酯类(MCs)、3种四环素类(TCs)、2种氯霉素类(CAPs)和4种其他类(Others)共40种抗生素的分析方法.通过重点优化水样不同pH值、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)加入量、色谱条件和质谱参数等确定了最佳分析条件.水样经HLB固相萃取柱富集净化,采用Agilent Zorbax Rrhd Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱分离,正、负离子模式分别采集,正离子模式采用0.2%甲酸-2 mmol乙酸铵水溶液和甲醇-乙腈(V/V,1∶1)作流动相梯度洗脱分离38种单体;负离子模式采用纯水和甲醇-乙腈(V/V,1∶1)作流动相梯度分离2种单体,多重反应监测模式分析,内标法定量.结果显示:目标分析物线性范围在1.00—200 ng·mL~(-1)之间,相关系数r2均大于0.99,方法检出限在0.002—0.270 ng·L~(-1)之间,地表水加标回收率在61.0%—149%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.2%—32%之间.方法成功应用于贵阳市南明河12个地表水分析,共检出34种抗生素,其中大环内酯类检出浓度最高,平均浓度为257 ng·L~(-1).     

拉萨市垃圾填埋场地下水水质的居民健康风险评价

对拉萨市垃圾填埋场地区地下水6个监测井中的Cr~(6+)、As、Cd、Pb、NO~-_3-N、F~-、Cl~-指标采用美国环保局USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,按照不同人群进行健康风险评价.评价结果表明,通过暴露剂量计算,在饮水途径和皮肤接触途径下非致癌物暴露剂量一般高于致癌物暴露剂量;饮水途径暴露剂量高于皮肤接触途径下的暴露剂量.致癌污染物在饮水途径下风险值大于皮肤接触途径下的风险值,其中饮水途径下风险贡献为Cr~(6+)AsCd,Cr~(6+)风险值超过USEPA的最大可接受水平1×10~(-4);在皮肤接触途径下贡献为Cr~(6+)AsCd,Cr~(6+)的风险值超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会和IAEA最大可接受风险水平;非致癌风险的污染物贡献最大的是Cl~-,其通过饮水暴露途径在成人中风险值高于瑞典环保局(1×10~(-6))、荷兰建设环保局(1×10~(-6))、英国皇家协会(1×10~(-6))和IAEA(5×10~(-7))最大可接受水平.因此,致癌物中Cr~(6+)成为主要的致癌物,人们在饮水中要将其去除,起到预防癌症和减少患癌的几率.     

Pesticide wastewater treatment using the combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell and Fenton process

• MEDCC combined with Fenton process was developed to treat real pesticide wastewater. • Pesticide removal was attributable to desalination in the MEDCC. • High COD removal was attributable to organic distributions in different chambers. The combination of the microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) and Fenton process for the pesticide wastewater treatment was investigate in this study. Real wastewater with several toxic pesticides, 1633 mg/L COD, and 200 in chromaticity was used for the investigation. Results showed that desalination in the desalination chamber of MEDCC reached 78%. Organics with low molecular weights in the desalination chamber could be removed from the desalination chamber, resulting in 28% and 23% of the total COD in the acid-production and cathode chambers, respectively. The desalination in the desalination chamber and organic transfer contributed to removal of pesticides (e.g., triadimefon), which could not be removed with other methods, and of the organics with low molecular weights. The COD in the effluent of the MEDCC combined the Fenton process was much lower than that in the perixo-coagulaiton process (<150 vs. 555 mg/L). The combined method consumed much less energy and acid for the pH adjustment than that the Fenton.     

地铁振动引起的二次辐射噪声适用标准研究

研究了城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声测量现状及评价方法,依据现行地铁二次辐射噪声监测相关标准,对城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声进行测量,将JGJ/T 170—2009、GB 50118—2010和GB/T 50355—2018中规定的限值与地铁二次辐射噪声的特征频谱、环境影响评价以及噪声限值进行了对比分析。结果显示,现行标准限值在执行中存在一定的不完善之处,需要根据实测数据重新分析评价标准的适用性、准确性和合理性。结合当前噪声管理的社会需求,提出了声级增量和特征频谱增量的概念,并将分析结果与现行标准值进行了比较分析,表明声级增量和特征频谱增量能更好地反映二次辐射噪声的影响,对于地铁二次辐射噪声标准的制修订具有参考价值。     

西藏生活垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量调查评价

采用标准指数法、综合评价法和灰色关联分析法对西藏地区4个典型垃圾填埋场周边地表水环境质量进行分析和评价。结果表明：各填埋场各评价因子均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类标准;各填埋场临近地表水环境综合水质均呈现上游监测点优于下游监测点;综合水质现状为尚清洁—清洁;灰色关联分析法评价结果为工布江达县生活垃圾填埋场下游监测点水质为Ⅱ类,其他填埋场各监测点水质均为Ⅰ类。各填埋场临近地表水水质现状满足其水域功能区要求,受填埋场污染环境影响较小。