太湖水体中5种有机磷农药混合物生态风险评价

有机磷农药是一类广泛分布于我国水环境中的污染物,即使在水体中的污染水平处于规定“安全标准”之下,其联合暴露产生的风险仍有可能威胁水生生态安全。采用基于浓度加和模型与生物敏感度分布曲线的混合物风险商法,评价了太湖水体中敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乐果5种有机磷农药混合物产生的生态风险。结果表明：2003～2004年期间3个不同时期太湖水体中5种有机磷农药的混合物生态风险商(RQ_m )均大于1,有机磷农药混合物在2003～2004年期间对太湖水生生物构成了一定威胁。     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

Crystalline mesoporous transition metal oxides: hard-templating synthesis and application in environmental catalysis

Mesoporous silicas such as MCM-41 and SBA-15 possess high surface areas, ordered nanopores, and excellent thermal stability, and have been often used as catalyst supports. Although mesoporous metal oxides have lower surface areas compared to mesoporous silicas, they generally have more diversified functionalities. Mesoporous metal oxides can be synthesized via a soft-templating or hard-templating approach, and these materials have recently found some applications in environmental catalysis, such as CO oxidation, N₂O decomposition, and elimination of organic pollutants. In this review, we summarize the synthesis of mesoporous transition metal oxides using mesoporous silicas as hard templates, highlight the application of these materials in environmental catalysis, and furnish some prospects for future development.     

基于GIS的区域干旱灾害风险区划研究

根据自然灾害风险理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境暴露性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力等4个子系统选取指标,建立干旱灾害风险指数模型,结合GIS中自然断点分类法进行聚类分析,全面综合地分析各地区相关性和差异性.以淮河流域为研究实例,根据拟定的区划原则,采用“自下而上”和“自上而下”相结合的区划方法,将淮河流域分为6个旱灾风险分区,并对区划结果进行分析,为因地制宜地采取工程和非工程的防灾减灾措施,提供参考依据.     

巨灾定义与划分标准研究——基于近年来全球典型灾害案例的分析

近年来,全球受严重灾害影响的国家和地区频繁出现,导致大量人员伤亡和严重经济损失。巨灾作为区域经济社会可持续发展的主要障碍之一,各国政府以及科技、产业与社会各界人士予以高度重视。目前,国内外对巨灾的研究绝大多数集中于巨灾保险,虽有部分研究涉及到巨灾定义及划分标准,但因研究目的与学术背景不同,至今尚无相对公认的、统一的巨灾定义。对巨灾概念的由来和国内外目前的研究动态进行了较全面的综述,论述了突发性与渐发性巨灾的差异,结合近年来全球典型灾害案例,总结给出巨灾定义、划分指标与标准,并在此基础上对巨灾未来研究进行展望,提出了研究的关键问题并建议进行更深入的研究。旨在为完善区域灾害系统原理,进一步推动巨灾研究提供参考。     

临安本底站大气气溶胶水溶性离子浓度变化特征

为研究我国长江三角洲地区气溶胶污染的区域特征,2008年4月、7月、10月和2009年1月,在临安区域本底站利用安德森(Andersen)分级采样器进行了大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱(IC)进行了分析.结果表明,临安区域本底站SO24-、NH4+、K+的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm出现峰值;Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度在粒径3.3—5.8μm出现峰值;NO3-、Cl-、Na+的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm和3.3—5.8μm出现峰值.气溶胶各个粒径段上的阳、阴离子电荷比均小于2.在降水过程个例分析中,降水之后临安区域本底站的总离子浓度增加了10.9μg·m-3;粒径分布除SO24-和K+有明显变化以外,其它离子没有明显变化.通过霾日和非霾日的浓度变化分析发现,细粒子中SO24-、NH4+的浓度的增加是造成霾天气的主要原因.     

利用果胶培养基分离番茄根际细菌

采用平板稀释和PCR-DGGE相结合的方法,比较了4种培养基(果胶富营养培养基PM,只含果胶一种营养的培养基PA,添加果胶的寡营养培养基YPP以及与YPP营养成分一致但不添加果胶的寡营养培养基YPG)分离番茄根际细菌的能力.结果显示:PA培养基能够分离到42种形态的细菌;YPP培养基可以分离到最高的细菌菌落数,分离获得的种类比PA少;YPP培养基分离获得细菌的种类和菌落数量比YPG培养基要多.聚类分析也显示只有果胶一种营养的PA培养基能分离到最多种类,分离获得的菌群与自然环境中微生物群落最相似.研究结果表明添加番茄根际主要分泌物——果胶到培养基中可以提高培养基分离细菌的能力.     

沉积物中2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学及其繁殖毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种全球性的新型持久性有毒污染物,沉积物中高浓度的PBDEs是水生态系统的巨大风险源,2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在PBDEs同系物中,目前分布最广,生物毒性最强。为评价沉积物中BDE-47向底栖动物体内转移的潜力及其对底栖动物的潜在繁殖毒性,将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)暴露于BDE-47加标沉积物中,研究了BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学特性及其对铜锈环棱螺潜在繁殖力的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中BDE-47吸收较快,代谢速度相对较慢,BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内具有较强的生物积累性。生物积累达理论平衡时,铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47浓度为1440.67ng·g-1(以样品干质量计)。BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累和生物净化过程较好地符合一级动力学模型,摄入速率常数、清除速率常数和生物-沉积物累积因子分别为0.10、0.038和2.75,生物半衰期为18d。铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47达到90%稳定状态所需的理论时间约为60d。低浓度BDE-47(160ng·g-1)暴露对铜锈环棱螺的潜在繁殖力没有影响,但当浓度≥640ng·g-1时,铜锈环棱螺的繁殖力下降50%,这表明BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺具有繁殖毒性。铜锈环棱螺可作为指示沉积物中底栖生物长期暴露于BDE-47的良好检测模型。     

环境雌激素o,p′-DDT和抗雌激素氟维司群对斑马鱼胚胎的复合效应

为探究雌激素与抗雌激素的复合效应,将斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的胚胎暴露于o,p′-DDT和氟维司群2种典型的环境内分泌干扰物中,考察胚胎孵化率、孵化时间和总畸形率,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测Vtg1、Vtg2和ERα等雌激素效应相关基因的mRNA转录水平.结果显示,与单一化合物的暴露相比,o,p′-DDT和...     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.