地理信息系统在地下水防控区划中的应用研究

文章应用GIS软件及DRASTIC模型,选取黑龙江省某地级市进行了地下水污染现状评估、地下水污染荷载评估、地下水脆弱性评估、地下水功能价值评估及地下水污染风险防控分区.结果得出,地下水污染风险最高处位于研究区污染荷载较高的西北和西南部;中部和北部、南部的部分区域为中风险区域;其它为一般风险控制区域.研究成果为当地政府提出地下水污染防治对策和措施提供了理论依据.     

碳酸盐对电解锰渣中可溶性锰固定和硫酸钙转化的研究

电解锰渣是电解锰生产过程中碳酸锰矿经酸浸、中和、压滤工序后产生的废渣。重金属锰是电解锰渣中的主要污染物,在渣中主要以可溶化合物MnSO_4·H_2O,(NH_4)_2Mn(SO_4)_2·6H_2O等形式存在。采用碳酸盐碳化处理电解锰渣,研究渣中可溶性锰固定、硫酸钙转化的矿物学特征和机制。结果表明,Na_2CO_3能够有效固定渣中的锰离子形成MnCO_3矿物。反应时间90 min,Na_2CO_3与渣质量比为0.05时,Na_2CO_3对锰的固定率达到99.9%,渣浆中锰离子质量浓度下降至5.7 mg/L。反应机制主要是渣中MnSO_4·H_2O,(NH_4)_2Mn(SO_4)_2·6H_2O与碳酸盐反应形成球状MnCO_3矿物;当Na_2CO_3与渣质量比大于0.4时,渣中柱状、条状CaSO_4·2H_2O转化为CaCO_3。     

Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g^?1 dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g^?1dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by ??- and ??-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0?C340 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan and 0?C121 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of ??- and ??-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.     

常州焦化厂污水处理现状及工艺指标控制

介绍了常州焦化厂酚氰废水的来源、水量及实质,采用A／O生物膜处理生产工艺流程,指出目前生产过程中存在的问题及经验教训。     

垃圾堆肥高效纤维素分解菌的筛选与培育技术

从堆肥、马粪、果园土、污泥等20个样品中，分离筛选出3株对滤纸分解旺盛的纤维素分解菌：C1、C2、C3，并外购康氏木霉、白腐菌、变色栓菌一起作为出发株，经紫外诱变处理后，在含葡萄糖的产酶培养基平板上筛选到能形成较大透明圈的突变株，并进行CMC酶活、微晶纤维素酶活及天然粗纤维分解能力测定。实验结果证明白腐菌经紫外线照射60s诱变而得的C16不仅透明圈大，CMC酶活高（60.08U/mL）是出发株的2倍，而且其对天然粗纤维分解能力强，10d分解率达35％。     

Preparation of porous mullite ceramic supports from high alumina fly ash

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - With the aid of dry pressing method, porous mullite ceramic supports were prepared successfully using desiliconized high alumina fly ash as main...     

安全控制系统与FSC

随着社会的发展，人们对生产安全的要求越来越高，本文介绍了安全控制在工业生产，特别是在石油、化工生产中的重要性和安全控制系统从简单到复杂的发展过程，并着重介绍了Honeywell公司生产的故障安全控制系统（FSC－Fail safety control)的特点与应用。     

生物炭对土壤中硫的迁移转化及植物有效性的影响研究

土壤中的硫是作物生长发育不可缺少的营养元素,也是合成植物体内蛋白质、核酸等的重要组成成分.硫素是不可再生资源,充分合理的利用现有的硫素资源,对于保持硫素的循环平衡具有重要意义.生物炭一般指农林废弃物在厌氧或缺氧条件下高温热解生成的一种富碳颗粒,因其在土壤性质改良等方面的广泛应用而备受关注.生物炭施入土壤,将直接或间接影响土壤中硫的植物有效性.评述了生物炭对土壤中硫素有效性的重要研究进展,为生物炭的农业应用提供参考价值.     

典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估

针对典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估,可以选取中国东北部某典型工业污染源,应用地下水有限差分软件Visual Modflow,在地下水水均衡计算的基础上,结合气象、地质、水文、水质等资料,建立了典型工业污染源地下水水流水质预测模型.研究了地下水运动规律及水中污染物迁移转化规律,预测出未来两年内的地下水流及水质变化情况,为当地政府提出地下水污染防治对策和措施提供了理论依据.这样可以利用中国东北部某典型工业污染源,为地下水的保护提供保障.