大型水生植物在水污染治理中的应用研究进展

大型水生植物在水污染治理中可以发挥多种作用。通过自身的生长代谢可以大量吸收氮、磷等水体中的营养物质 ,而其中一些种类还可以富集不同类型的重金属或吸收降解某些有机污染物 ;通过促进微生物的生长代谢 ,可以使水中大部分可生物降解有机物 (BOD)降解 ;通过抑制低等藻类的生长 ,控制富营养化的表现形式等。根据不同的生活型特点 ,利用大型水生植物进行污水处理和水体修复的方式也多种多样 ,主要包括 :以漂浮植物为主的塘系统和以挺水植物为主的人工湿地系统等。本文从生态功能发挥的角度探讨了植物对污染物降解的机理 ,并对以大型水生植物为核心的各种污水处理系统的研究进展与现状进行了综述 ,指出了利用大型水生植物进行水污染治理的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向     

A^2O^2工艺处理小城镇生活污水研究

采用A^2O^2污水处理工艺处理小城镇生活污水，监测结果表明：COD去除率达到86％，BOD，去除率达到88％，SS去除率达到93％，NH3^-N去除率达到85％，TP去除率达到81％，所有指标均达到了国家规定的排放标准，且工程投资78万元，直接运行费0．21元／m^3，占地面积600m^2。     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果，结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践，讨论了该工艺的处理效果，生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素。分析表明将DO控制在0．3—0．7mg／L范围内，能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20mg／L；在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应（SND）对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66％；该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3．0％，生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4．2％；总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系，加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果。     

成型膨润土和钛柱撑膨润土对水中Pb2+和氯乙酸吸附及再生

针对水中微量铅离子和氯乙酸的脱除，考察了成型膨润土及成型钛柱撑膨润土的吸附性能，得出对铅离子的吸附，成型膨润土、成型钛柱撑膨润土与粉末状活性炭性能相当，而对氯乙酸的吸附前两者要比粉末状活性炭低好多。确定了成型膨润土吸附氯乙酸后可用沸水煮沸30 min的方法再生，成型钛柱撑膨润土吸附氯乙酸后，可用500℃焙烧3 h的方法再生，再生的膨润土循环使用3次后性能降低明显。此外，还测得了成型的膨润土及成型的钛柱撑膨润土吸附铅离子和氯乙酸的等温线，计算出其对铅的最大吸附量分别为24.33 mg/g和15.47 mg/g。     

Improvement of detection method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in reclaimed water

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two typical species of pathogenic protozoans that seriously endanger water quality. Previous works indicated that detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with modified United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method-1623 using a membrane filtration-elution for sample concentration attained better recovery and lower cost compared to the USEPA method-1623. Several improvements of membrane filtration-elution step as well as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) steps were investigated and an optimized method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater reclamation system was recommended in this paper. The experimental results show that an overnight soak of the membrane after scraping and vortex agitation before elution could enhance and stabilize the recovery. Increasing turbidity to 4 NTU by adding kaolin clay before filtration could effectively improve the recovery of low-turbidity water. Washing the concentrate after centrifugation and twice acid dissociation both reduced the impact of water quality to protozoan recovery. Protozoans in different water samples were determined by this optimized method, and the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were above 70% and 80% respectively, much higher than the acceptance of method-1623. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2547–2552 [译自: 环境科学]     

Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell for landfill leachate treatment: Research updates and synergistic effects of hybrid systems

Over half of century, sanitary landfill was and is still the most economical treatment strategy for solid waste disposal, but the environmental risks associated with the leachate have brought attention of scientists for its proper treatment to avoid surface and ground water deterioration. Most of the treatment technologies are energy-negative and cost intensive processes, which are unable to meet current environmental regulations. There are continuous demands of alternatives concomitant with positive energy and high effluent quality. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were launched in the last two decades as a potential treatment technology with bioelectricity generation accompanied with simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal. This study reviews capability and mechanisms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal from landfill leachate through MFC technology, as well as summarizes and discusses the recent advances of standalone and hybrid MFCs performances in landfill leachate (LFL) treatment. Recent improvements and synergetic effect of hybrid MFC technology upon the increasing of power densities, organic and nutrient removal, and future challenges were discussed in details.     

Temporal variations and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at an urban site in Shijiazhuang, China

Shijiazhuang, the city with the worst air quality in China, is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer. As the key precursors of ozone generation, it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution. To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution, the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang. Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv, in which, the oxygenated VOCs (37.89%), alkanes (33.89%), and halogenated hydrocarbons (13.31%) were the main composite on. Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry (26.24%), other industrial sources (15.19%), and traffic source (12.24%) were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang. The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system, which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang. The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang. These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.     

协同催化氧化用于焦化厂生化尾水深度处理

针对某焦化厂生化尾水,分别采用O3(臭氧)氧化及GAC(颗粒活性炭)/O_3、UV(紫外光)/O_3、GAC/UV/O_3协同催化氧化技术进行深度处理对比实验研究。结果显示,GAC/UV/O_3协同催化氧化工艺具有高效性、稳定性、经济合理性的优势。通过改变O3的投加量、UV强度来寻求最佳工况,由中试实验的数据结果得出,三者联用协同催化氧化工艺最佳运行参数为:焦化厂生化尾水温度在25～30℃之间、pH在7～8.5之间、SS小于70 mg/L、O_3投加量为30 mg/L、UV强度值为630 mJ/cm~2、GAC投加量饱和时,实验废水中COD由100～130 mg/L降至60～78 mg/L,有效去除率可以达到40.7%,可满足预期行业标准,甚至达到工业回用水标准。     

基于地理探测器的流域土壤磷流失影响因素分析

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)和地理探测器,定量分析了甘肃白龙江流域土壤磷流失的空间分异及其影响因素.结果表明:①2014年流域平均土壤磷流失量为0.214 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),流失总量为3945.38 t·a~(-1);②磷流失空间分布较为破碎,热点区集中于迭部北部和舟曲东北部等高山区及舟曲、文县和武都三区县交界的低山河谷区,冷点区集聚于宕昌北部耕作区和文县南部森林保护区;③流域磷流失的空间分异主要受土地利用和地形的影响,农牧业生产也发挥了一定作用,磷流失整体表现为随海拔和坡度的抬升而增加,草地林地耕地;④流域及其内部冷热区影响因素差异较大,这是由各区地理环境协同差异所致,最大交互因子分别为土壤类型∩景观破碎度、土壤类型∩植被覆盖度、降水∩第一产业从业人口比重.在流域磷流失治理中,应合理安排农牧业生产,在提高植被覆盖度的同时降低景观破碎度.