不同阴极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响比较

阴极催化性能及材料对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)的产电特性及制造成本有很大影响。本研究选用金属铂(Pt)、活性炭作为催化剂、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和道康宁1-2577作为阴极的扩散层、碳布和不锈钢网作为阴极的基体材料制备得4种阴极,分别考察了相应MFC的产电性能和阴极特性。结果表明,采用传统Pt催化剂+PTFE扩散层+碳布制备成的阴极(Pt-PTC),MFC的最大输出电压为560 mV,最大功率密度为808 mW/m2,而采用活性炭+道康宁1-2577+不锈钢网制备成的阴极(AC-DCS),MFC的最大输出电压为510 mV,最大功率密度为726 mW/m2,两者的MFC产电性能极为接近。SEM结果表明,活性炭催化层表面和道康宁1-2577扩散层分别比Pt催化层及PTFE扩散层的更均匀光滑。阴极线性伏安测定结果表明,AC-DCS与Pt-PTC的电化学氧化性能较为接近。AC-DCS阴极成本仅为Pt-PTC的1/300左右,是一种低成本扩大化生产MFC阴极的新方法。     

旁通式烟气循环流化床脱硫特性的数值模拟

应用标准k-ε模型、DPM模型和物质输运与化学反应模型模拟烟气循环流化床脱硫的两相流动及化学反应,模拟结果和实验数据符合较好。提出了一种旁通式烟气循环流化床,并进一步研究了钙硫比和脱硫剂粒径对旁通脱硫塔脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,脱硫剂颗粒粒径从15μm增大到300μm时,旁通式脱硫塔的脱硫效率略有降低但变化不大;当钙硫摩尔比从0.8增大到1.3时,脱硫效率随之有明显的增加,当钙硫比大于1.3时,脱硫效率随钙硫比的增大略有增加。     

固定化微生物法处理含酚废水的研究

选用从活性污泥中分离得到的降解酚活性较高的热带假丝酵母菌(Candida tropicalis),通过实验选出了一种较好的载体和合适的固定化条件,在自制的三相流化床反应器中,采用固定化徽生物法连续处理含酚配水,进水酚浓度为300ppm,出水酚浓度小于0.5ppm,与悬浮生物法(如活性污泥法)相比,酚的容积负荷可提高1倍以上,污泥发生量可减少90％。     

陕西暴雨若干特征的综合分析

以1970年以来发生在陕西的暴雨、大暴雨为研究对象,使用高空及地面探测资料、卫星云图等监测信息,采用天气学分析、动力学诊断、数值模拟等方法,对陕西持续性暴雨、暴雨的高空和地面中尺度系统、暴雨中尺度对流系统(MCS)、近海台风对陕西暴雨的影响等多方面的特征进行了总结分析.加深了对青藏高原东部暴雨实例和理论的进一步认识和理...     

Chemical identification and genotoxicity analysis of petrochemical industrial wastewater

The actual harmful effects of industrial wastewater can not be reflected by the conventional water quality index. Therefore, the change in dissolved organic matter and the genetic toxicity of petrochemical wastewater were observed in the current study by examining the wastewater treatment plant of a large petrochemical enterprise in Northwest China. Using XAD-8, MSC, and DA-7 resins, the wastewater was separated into six fractions, namely, hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic neutral (HOB), hydrophobic alkaline, hydrophilic acid, hydrophilic alkaline, and hydrophilic neutral. Umu-test was used to detect the genetic toxicity of the wastewater samples, and fluorescence spectra were also obtained to examine genetic toxic substances. The results show that wastewater treatment facilities can effectively reduce the concentration of organic matter in petrochemical wastewater (p<0.05). However, the mixing of aniline wastewater can increase the amount of organic carbon (p<0.05) and can overload facilities. This finding shows that the mixed collection and joint treatment of different types of petrochemical wastewater can affect the water quality of the effluent. Particularly, hydrophobic substances can be difficult to remove and account for a relatively large proportion of the effluent. The mixture of aniline wastewater can increase the genetic toxicity of the effluent (p<0.05), and biologic treatment can not effectively decrease the toxicity. Most of the genetic toxicology may exist in the HOA and HOB fractions. Fluorescence spectroscopy also confirms this result, and tryptophan-like substances may play an important role in genetic toxicity.     

基于微藻细胞培养的水质深度净化与高价值生物质生产耦合技术

水资源和能源危机是21世纪人类面临的重大挑战.开发高效的氮磷控制技术以及寻找可持续再生、环境友好的新型能源是解决这些挑战的有效手段.微藻培养技术的出现,为水质深度净化、氮磷高效去除和生物能源生产提供了可能.总结了微藻培养技术在污水处理中作为三级处理单元深度净化水质、去除氮磷的应用,并分析了大规模培养微藻以获得生物能源的研究现状.在此基础上,提出了将污水处理工艺和生产工艺耦合的理念,以污水为资源,实现污水处理系统从"处理工艺"向"生产工艺"的转化,在深度净化污水的同时,以污水为原料获取"新"资源和"新"能源,为缓解当前资源匮乏、能源紧缺的形势提供可能的解决途径.在未来资源和能源愈加紧张的严峻形势下,基于微藻细胞培养的水质深度净化与高价值生物质生产耦合技术具有广阔的发展前景.     

沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征研究

对沈阳市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量水平进行了研究,并分析了重金属的空间分布特征.结果表明:市区街道灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量范围分别为2.29～15.04 mg·kg-1、46.96～204.29 mg·kg-1、62.76～509.48 mg·kg-1、277.41～422.89 mg·kg-1,平均值为4.35 mg·kg-1、81.33 mg·kg-1、106.26 mg·kg-1、334.47 mg·kg-1,是沈阳市土壤背景值的27.18、3.31、4.80、5.67倍;市区西部重金属污染程度高于东部,东、西部污染程度高于南、北部;街道灰尘中Cd、Pb空间分布差异较大,Zn分布较均匀;除Cd以外,铁西区重金属含量均最高,特别是Pb含量明显高于其他区,这与其工业区性质密不可分;Cd在大东区含量最高,这应与东部的汽车产业特征有密切关系;Cd-Zn,Cu-Pb,Cu-Zn,Pb-Zn之间都有着极显著的相关性;地积累指数法的评价结果表明:Cd处于重污染水平,其余3种重金属处于偏中度污染水平.研究结果以期为沈阳市的城市环境污染防治和城市规划提供重要的科学依据.     

湿地植物香蒲体内氮、磷含量的季节变化及适宜收割期

通过实地调查,研究了南四湖湿地生态自然保护区香蒲对氮、磷元素的吸收与蓄积规律.结果表明:氮磷元素在香蒲体内的蓄积含量具有季节性规律,随生长发育时期的延长,香蒲组织内氮、磷均具有随季节而向上输送蓄积或向下进行"营养回流"的特点.结合香蒲资源化利用的途径,香蒲的收割方式应按照其分布特点,分区域交替收割,既要保证香蒲的正常繁殖,还要保证香蒲能够从湿地环境带出一定量的氮磷,收割期宜在10月下旬或11月份.从香蒲吸收氮磷元素的年际间对比,发现2008年度地上部较2007年度有明显的累积,香蒲具有年际间的累积特点,但在生长后期一部分营养可能转运至土壤环境,使得累积现象不明显.氮磷营养元素在植物体内的高度分布规律在湿地生态管理中具有重要的指导意义,调研结果显示,生长初期与生长后期香蒲体内营养元素的高度分布具有近似相反的规律性.     

PTFE中空纤维膜直接接触式膜蒸馏过程抗污染性能

通过研究不同原水对直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的影响,考察了聚四氟乙烯膜对无机盐、胶体和有机物的抗污染性能。研究表明,在35 g/L氯化钠溶液的4倍浓缩过程中,PTFE膜的相对通量降低至0.72;与碳酸钙饱和溶液的浓缩过程相比,由于溶解度的差异,硫酸钙饱和溶液浓缩过程中晶体析出量更多,通量衰减也更为严重;浓缩硅溶胶时,二氧化硅单体聚合并吸附于膜面从而引起膜通量的衰减,随着浓缩的进行,料液p H值不断上升,使得胶体体系愈加稳定,浓缩到2.6倍后相对通量没有随着浓缩倍数的增加出现明显下降,维持在0.73左右;腐殖酸在水中表现出的亲水性和电负性使其难以在具有较强疏水性的聚四氟乙烯膜表面上形成滤饼层,浓缩过程中相对通量始终保持在0.9以上。     

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

• Distribution of ARGs in decentralized sewage facilities were investigated. • Bacitracin-ARGs were most predominant ARGs in rural wastewater. • ARGs were identified in bacterial and viral community. • ARGs of rpoB, drfE, gyrA and parC were both correlated with bacteria and phages. • More attention should be paid to the risk of spreading ARG by phages. The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively studied in large-scale wastewater treatment plants and livestock sources. However, small-scale decentralized sewage treatment facilities must also be explored due to their possible direct exposure to residents. In this study, six wastewater treatment facilities in developed rural areas in eastern China were investigated to understand their risks of spreading ARGs. Using metagenomics and network analysis tools, ARGs and bacterial and viral communities were identified in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. The dominant ARGs belonged to the bacitracin class, which are different from most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant hosts of ARGs are Acidovorax in bacterial communities and Prymnesiovirus in viral communities. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between ARGs and phages. The ARGs significantly correlated with phages were all hosted by specific genera of bacteria, indicating that phages had contributed to the ARG’s proliferation in sewage treatment facilities. Paying significant concern on the possible enhanced risks caused by bacteria, viruses and their related ARGs in decentralized sewage treatment facilities is necessary.