Major Energy Plants and Their Potential for Bioenergy Development in China

China is rich in energy plant resources. In this article, 64 plant species are identified as potential energy plants in China. The energy plant species include 38 oilseed crops, 5 starch-producing crops, 3 sugar-producing crops and 18 species for lignocellulosic biomass. The species were evaluated on the basis of their production capacity and their resistance to salt, drought, and/or low temperature stress. Ten plant species have high production and/or stress resistance and can be potentially developed as the candidate energy plants. Of these, four species could be the primary energy plants in China: Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.). We discuss the use of biotechnological techniques such as genome sequencing, molecular markers, and genetic transformation to improve energy plants. These techniques are being used to develop new cultivars and to analyze and manipulate genetic variation to improve attributes of energy plants in China.     

低pH生物滤池处理甲苯废气

采用低pH生物滤池处理甲苯废气。实验结果表明,低pH生物滤池对甲苯有较好的去除效果,当甲苯废气进气流量为420L/h、进气甲苯质量浓度为200~700mg/m3时,稳定运行阶段,甲苯平均去除效率在98%以上,出气甲苯质量浓度为0~30mg/m3。低pH生物滤池中,CO2的产生量与甲苯降解量的比(物质的量比)为2.60,小于理论值3.35。经过长时间运行,低pH生物滤池内的优势微生物由刚开始接种时的以异养细菌为主演变为真菌为主,优势真菌菌株分别属于白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)和黑曲霉(As-pergillus niger)。优势异养细菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH+4-N、PO3-4-P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22~25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 d COD溶出量最多后调节为酸性(pH=3); 2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

厌氧颗粒污泥吸附去除废水中Hg~(2+)的研究

在实验室条件下,以静态、序批的方法研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中Hg2+的吸附特性及环境条件对其吸附能力的影响,并通过红外光谱和能谱对比手段,初步探讨了厌氧颗粒污泥吸附Hg2+的机理.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥对Hg2+的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,其吸附等温线与Freundlich型拟合得较好(R2=0.9933);pH是影响吸附的重要因素,在pH值为3～8的范围内,吸附量较大,最大为64.64 mg/g,当pH值大于8或小于3时,吸附量逐渐下降;温度对吸附也有一定的影响,但影响程度不明显.红外光谱和能谱分析表明,厌氧颗粒污泥表面功能基团对Hg2+的络合作用是吸附的主要机理,这些基团包括-CH、-CH2、-cH,、P-H、C=O、C-N、P=O、S=O及=C-H,同时在吸附过程中还存在一定的离子交换吸附.     

Effects of chemical oxidation on sorption and desorption of PAHs in typical Chinese soils

In situ chemical oxidation is a commonly applied soil and groundwater remediation technology, but can have significant effects on soil properties, which in turn might affect fate and transport of organic contaminants. In this study, it was found that oxidation treatment resulted mainly in breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM) components. Sorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene to the original soils and the KMnO₄-treated soils was linear, indicating that hydrophobic partitioning to SOM was the predominant mechanism for sorption. Desorption from the original and treated soils was highly resistant, and was well modeled with a biphasic desorption model. Desorption of residual naphthalene after treating naphthalene-contaminated soils with different doses of KMnO₄ also followed the biphasic desorption model very well. It appears that neither changes of soil properties caused by chemical oxidation nor direct chemical oxidation of contaminated soils had a noticeable effect on the nature of PAH-SOM interactions.     

乙烯废碱液的再生

开发了除油-苛化-脱硫组合技术处理乙烯废碱液工艺,考察了影响各级处理效果的主要因素.实验结果表明:经石英砂-聚丙烯腈纤维膜-强碱性阴离子交换树脂组合装置除油后,碱液中油类物质质量浓度小于2 mg/L,NaOH,Na_2CO_3,Na_2S等无机组分含量基本不变;经苛化-脱硫处理后碱液中Na_2CO_3和Na_2S质量浓度分别小于4 430 mg/L和4 480 mg/L;再生碱液的流体力学性质及对酸性气体的吸收性能均可满足乙烯裂解气碱洗要求.     

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of lead(II) onto the low cost adsorbent—Eupatorium adenophorum spreng

Adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto a low cost adsorbent—the Eupatorium adenophorum spreng has been investigated to evaluate the effects of initial lead ion concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on the removal of Pb(II) systematically. The optimal pH value for Pb(II) adsorption onto the E. adenophorum spreng was found to be 5.0. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°) were evaluated by applying the van’t Hoff equation, which describes the dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature. The thermodynamics of Pb(II) adsorption onto the E. adenophorum spreng indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures and the equilibrium data were found to fit Freundlich isotherm equation better than Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption was analyzed using pseudo-second-order kinetic models.     

Catalytic oxidation of gaseous PCDD/Fs with ozone over iron oxide catalysts

Catalytic oxidation of PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) with ozone (catalytic ozonation) over nano-sized iron oxides (denoted as FexOy) was carried out at temperature of 120-180 degrees C. The effects of operating temperature, ozone concentration, space velocity (SV) and water vapor contents on PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies via catalytic ozonation were investigated. High activity of the iron oxide catalyst towards PCDD/F decomposition was observed even at low temperatures with the aid of ozone. The PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies achieved with FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C reach 94% and 91%, respectively. In the absence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are below 20% and decrease with increasing chlorination level of PCDD/F congener at lower temperature (120 degrees C). However, in the presence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are over 80% on FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C. Higher temperature and ozone addition increase the activity of iron oxide for the decomposition of PCDD/Fs. Additionally, in the presence of 5% water vapor, the destruction efficiency of the PCDD/Fs is above 90% even at lower operating temperature (150 degrees C). It indicates that the presence of appropriate amount of water vapor enhances the catalytic activity for the decomposition of gas-phase PCDD/Fs.     

钢筋混凝土结构构件局部地震损伤多尺度监测方法

提出一种结构局部地震损伤过程的多尺度监测方法。首先,在混凝土材料尺度上,针对混凝土材料细观随机性影响问题,基于压电智能骨料进行混凝土压应力监测,通过试验方法建立了混凝土损伤全过程中压电智能骨料应力与混凝土宏观应力的概率统计关系;其次,在截面尺度上,基于MEMS倾角仪转动监测方法,提出混凝土压弯构件截面曲率的监测方法,并通过试验验证了该方法的可行性;最后,在构件尺度上,提出基于转动积分的层间变形监测方法并给出了转动监测位置的设计原理,通过构件试验验证了该监测方法的可靠性。     

复合重金属污染高岭土的电动修复

根据电子废弃物拆解场地的污染特征,以复合重金属(Cu,Cd,Pb)污染高岭土为研究对象,考察了电动技术对污染土壤的修复效果。实验结果表明:在电压梯度为1 V/cm、阳极液为自来水、阴极液为柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH=5)、靠近阴极设置活性炭渗透反应墙(PRB)的条件下电动修复96 h后,Cu,Cd,Pb的平均去除率分别可达79.93%,99.43%,39.36%;土壤的酸碱性对电动修复效果影响显著,通过在阴极添加缓冲液维持土壤偏酸性条件,有利于重金属污染物的电动去除;在靠近阴极设置活性炭PRB可富集重金属,减少阴极液的污染;迁移率大的酸可提取态重金属较易去除,残渣态重金属稳定性强,去除率较低。