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51.
H. Manjari Jayathilake Graham W. Prescott L. Roman Carrasco Madhu Rao William S. Symes 《Ambio》2021,50(1):215
Analysing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in conservation landscapes can provide crucial information for conservation management. While rates of forest loss can be measured through remote sensing, on the ground information is needed to confirm the commodities and actors behind deforestation. We administered a questionnaire to Wildlife Conservation Society’s landscape managers to assess the deforestation drivers in 28 tropical conservation landscapes. Commercial and subsistence agriculture were the main drivers of deforestation, followed by settlement expansion and infrastructure development. Rice, rubber, cassava and maize were the crops most frequently cited as drivers of deforestation in these emblematic conservation landscapes. Landscape managers expected deforestation trends to continue at similar or greater magnitude in the future, calling for urgent measures to mitigate these trends.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01325-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
52.
53.
Dawid?SurmikEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Bruce?M.?Rothschild Roman?Pawlicki 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2017,104(3-4):25
Fossilized soft tissues, occasionally found together with skeletal remains, provide insights to the physiology and functional morphology of extinct organisms. Herein, we present unusual fossilized structures from the cortical region of bone identified in isolated skeletal remains of Middle Triassic nothosaurs from Upper Silesia, Poland. The ribbed or annuli-shaped structures have been found in a sample of partially demineralized coracoid and are interpreted as either giant red blood cells or as blood vessel walls. The most probable function is reinforcing the blood vessels from changes of nitrogen pressure in air-breathing diving reptiles. These structures seem to have been built of extensible muscle layers which prevent the vessel damage during rapid ascent. Such suspected function presented here is parsimonious with results of previous studies, which indicate rarity of the pathological modification of bones associated with decompression syndrome in Middle Triassic nothosaurs. 相似文献
54.
Jörn Theuerkauf Julie Perez Alefosio Taugamoa Iasinito Niutoua Didier Labrousse Roman Gula Wieslaw Bogdanowicz Hervé Jourdan Cyrille Goarant 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2013,100(4):385-388
Rats are major reservoirs of leptospirosis and considered as a main threat to biodiversity. A recent introduction of Rattus rattus to the island of Futuna (Western Polynesia) provided the opportunity to test if a possible change in species composition of rat populations would increase the risk of leptospirosis to humans. We trapped rodents on Wallis and Futuna and assessed Leptospira carriage in 357 rodents (Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, Rattus exulans, and Mus domesticus) from 2008 to 2012. While Leptospira prevalence in rodents and the composition of rat populations on Futuna fluctuated with rainfall, the biomass of Leptospira-carrying rodents has been continuously rising from 2008 to 2012. Our results suggest that the introduction of R. rattus increases the risk to humans being infected with leptospirosis by rats. 相似文献
55.
Davey E Wigand C Johnson R Sundberg K Morris J Roman CT 《Ecological applications》2011,21(6):2156-2171
Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been used to describe and quantify subtidal, benthic animals such as polychaetes, amphipods, and shrimp. Here, for the first time, CT imaging is used to quantify wet mass of coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in cores collected from organic-rich (Jamaica Bay, New York) and mineral (North Inlet, South Carolina) Spartina alterniflora soils. Image analysis software was coupled with the CT images to measure abundance and diameter of the coarse roots and rhizomes in marsh soils. Previously, examination of marsh roots and rhizomes was limited to various hand-sieving methods that were often time-consuming, tedious, and error prone. CT imaging can discern the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat based on their varying particle densities. Calibration rods composed of materials with standard densities (i.e., air, water, colloidal silica, and glass) were used to operationally define the specific x-ray attenuations of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat in the marsh cores. Significant regression relationships were found between the CT-determined wet mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes and the hand-sieved dry mass of the coarse roots and rhizomes in both the organic-rich and mineral marsh soils. There was also a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat particle density among organic-rich and mineral soils. In only the mineral soils, there was a significant relationship between the soil percentage organic matter and the CT-determined peat wet mass. Using CT imaging, significant positive nitrogen fertilization effects on the wet masses of the coarse roots, rhizomes, and peat, and the abundance and diameter of rhizomes were measured in the mineral soils. In contrast, a deteriorating salt marsh island in Jamaica Bay had significantly less mass of coarse roots and rhizomes at depth (10-20 cm), and a significantly lower abundance of roots and rhizomes compared with a stable marsh. However, the diameters of the rhizomes in the deteriorating marsh were significantly greater than in the stable marsh. CT imaging is a rapid approach to quantify coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and soil particle densities in coastal wetlands, but the method is unable at this time to quantify fine roots. 相似文献
56.
Pair-wise preference experiments were used to reveal predator discrimination by four tit species wintering in the Czech Republic.
The reactions of the tits to a more dangerous predator (sparrowhawk) and a less dangerous (kestrel) one were compared. The
number of visits to a feeder with a predator present expressed the perceived dangerousness of the predator. The tits' behaviour
towards the feeders was in agreement with predictions, according to dynamic risk assessment theory. The presence of any predator
at the feeder lowered the number of visits to the feeder. Similarly, the tits were judged to have evaluated the sparrowhawk
as being more dangerous than the kestrel, as its presence lowered the number of arrivals more than did the kestrel. The duration
of stay and number of pecks of individual birds were also used as measures of predator dangerousness. The results not only
confirm that tits behave according to dynamic risk assessment theory, but also show the exceptional suitability of preference
experiments for the research of predator differentiation and evaluation. 相似文献
57.
About 17 years after the Chernobyl accident, lichen samples were collected in an alpine region in Austria (Bad Gastein), which was heavily contaminated by the Chernobyl fallout. Measured 137Cs activity concentrations in selected lichens (Cetraria islandica, Cetraria cucullata, and Cladonia arbuscula) ranged from 100 to 1100 Bq kg(-1) dry weight, depending on lichen species and sampling site. Ecological half-lives for 137Cs in different lichen samples, obtained by comparison with earlier measurements of the same lichen species at the same site, ranged from 2 to 6 years, with average values between 3 and 4 years. Comparison with earlier studies indicated that ecological half-lives hardly changed during the last 10 years, suggesting that ecological clearance mechanisms (e.g. washout or soil transfer) did not vary substantially at the selected sampling area. 相似文献
58.
Roman Schoula Jana Hajšloviá Pavel Gregor Vladimir Kocourek Vladimir Bencko 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-2):263-274
The persistence of lipophilic organochlorine substances leads to their incorporation into the food chain and subsequent uptake by humans. Due to their use in the past, Czech and Slovak countries belong to the countries with a relatively high body burden of organochlorines. Levels of PCBs in human tissues based on the congener‐specific analysis are reported in this paper. Samples were analysed for the most abundant PCB congeners. Prevalent persistent organochlorine pesticides and their isomers/metabolites have also been included. The present study is focused on following areas: i) distribution of analysed substances in the various human tissue samples from selected regions of the Czech and Slovak Republic and ii) comparison with the results from other foreign and local studies. 相似文献
59.
Roman Ashauer 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(9):1325-9792
Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models simulate the time-course of toxicant concentration in the organism and toxicity at the level of the organism. A link between TKTD models that simulate survival and individual based models for populations (IBMs) is proposed which allows TKTD parameters to vary between individuals. The TKTD-IBM predicts different survival in response to toxicants when TKTD parameters vary amongst individuals compared to the survival predicted with fixed TKTD parameters. The model with fixed parameters represents the concept of stochastic death whereas the model with variable parameters behaves, at least partly, according to the individual tolerance distribution concept. The whole set of TKTD parameters of an individual can be interpreted as constituting “individual tolerance”. 相似文献
60.
Scents form the basis for the fragrance industry and various research activities have been developed in different scientific
disciplines all being linked by a common interest in odors and odor perception. In this paper, four different topics have
been selected for a short discussion. Following a short overview on the history of perfumery, the first topic (Natural scents)
is providing some insight into the investigation of natural scents and how this work has strongly stimulated fragrance creation
as well as the quest to find new odoriferous substances for the perfumer’s palette. The second subject (Fragrance chemistry)
gives a historical overview over the chemistry of fragrances and briefly describes the rational behind the synthesis and composition
of new scents. Body odors and their biochemical formation concern the third topic (Body odor biochemistry) which describes
our current understanding of this scientifically interesting field and how knowledge may find use to improve future deodorant
products. The fourth subject (Olfactory mechanisms) deals with the biochemistry in the human nose when odorants are activating
olfactory receptors and enzymes appear to rapidly metabolize the inhaled odorous stimuli. This review does not attempt to
be comprehensive, but it describes selected successes in the fragrance industry and the motivation behind conducting various
types of research. Ultimately, the activities are aiming to bring new ingredients onto the market and improve the quality
of scented products but also to advance our understanding of the power of communication through fragrance. 相似文献