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271.
272.
273.
Smoldering Combustion (STAR) for the Treatment of Contaminated Soils: Examining Limitations and Defining Success
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Gavin P. Grant David Major Grant C. Scholes John Horst Susan Hill Mark R. Klemmer James Neil Couch 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2016,26(3):27-51
Smoldering combustion, commercially available as the Self‐sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) technology, is an innovative technique that has shown promise for the remediation of contaminant source zones. Smoldering combustion is an exothermic reaction (net energy producing) converting carbon compounds and an oxidant (e.g., oxygen in air) to carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Thus, following ignition, the smoldering combustion reaction can continue in a self‐sustaining manner (i.e., no external energy or added fuel input following ignition) as the heat generated by the reacting contaminants is used to preheat and initiate combustion of contaminants in adjacent areas, propagating a combustion front through the contaminated zone provided a sufficient flux of air is supplied. The STAR technology has applicability across a wide‐range of hydrocarbons in a variety of hydrogeologic settings; however, there are limitations to its use. Impacted soils must be permeable enough to allow a sufficient flux of air to the combustion front and there exists a minimum required concentration of contaminants such that the soils contain sufficient fuel for the reaction to proceed in a self‐sustaining manner. Further limitations, as well as lessons learned and methods to mitigate these limitations, are presented through a series of case studies. In summary, the successful implementation of STAR will result in >99 percent reduction in contaminant concentrations in treated areas, limited residual contaminant mass, reduced groundwater contaminant mass flux which can be addressed through monitored natural attenuation; and an enhanced site exit strategy, reduced lifecycle costs, and reduced risk. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
274.
Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chad D. Vecitis Hyunwoong Park Jie Cheng Brian T. Mader Michael R. Hoffmann 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(2):129-151
Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment
technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate
(PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment
technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration
of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition
have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic
oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This
paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal
PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and
available degradation time. 相似文献
275.
Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Aristomenis P. Karageorgis Vasilios Kapsimalis Paraskevi Drakopoulou Nikolaos Skoulikidis Horst Behrendt Zlatko Levkov 《Ecological modelling》2009
The estimation of nutrient fluxes, the determination of spatial and temporal response and the understanding of biogeochemical changes in the past, present and future in the Axios River catchment, in Greece, as well as the impacts to the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf were accomplished by the use of harmonized watershed and coastal zone models. The mathematical model MONERIS was the watershed management model that was used to model the export loads of nutrients in Axios River. MONERIS was developed to estimate the nutrient inputs into river basins by point sources and various diffuse pathways. Watershed hydrologic and water quality data were collected and synthesized to develop input data sets for the simulation of Axios River catchment. The model was modified to better assess organic nitrogen export loads in Mediterranean watersheds. The results showed the importance of agricultural and livestock activities, concerning their nutrients emissions in the River. MONERIS was integrated with the coastal zone model WASP 6.0 to assess the impacts of the nutrient loads to the eutrophication status of the coastal zone. Several management scenarios were assessed. Management scenarios included measures for reduction in the emissions from the fertilizer plant of Veles, removal of phosphorous from the detergents in FYROM, treatment of urban wastes to EU Standards, reduction in N-fertilizer input, reduction in erosion and the green scenario that represented the maximum reduction scenario of all the measures together. The model simulations indicated that the coastal zone of Axios mouth will be eutrophic for nitrate (2.69–3.34 μM) and phosphate (0.2–0.68 μM) and upper mesotrophic for chlorophyll-a (0.74–1.45 μg/l) for the scenarios tested. The results suggest that the impact of the management scenarios will be largely negligible (no change in trophic status) for the Thermaikos Gulf sector nearby the Axios River due to additional sources such as the loads from Thessaloniki's waste water treatment plant which appear to affect the region to a greater extent. The integration of watershed and coastal zone models can be used to assess management scenarios in order to illustrate the significance of various land use practices to the eutrophication of the Gulf. 相似文献
276.
277.
Chad D. VECITIS Hyunwoong PARK Jie CHENG Brian T. MADER Michael R. HOFFMANN 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2009,3(2):129-151
Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time. 相似文献
278.
Remediation of heavy metal polluted sediment by suspension and solid-bed leaching: estimate of metal removal efficiency 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Remediation of heavy metal polluted sediment by extracting the metals with sulfuric acid can be performed as follows: abiotic suspension leaching, microbial suspension leaching, abiotic solid-bed leaching, and microbial solid-bed leaching. Abiotic leaching means that the acid is directly added, while microbial leaching means that the acid is generated from sulfur by microbes (bioleaching). These four principles were compared to each other with special emphasis on the effectiveness of metal solubilization and metal removal by subsequent washing. Abiotic suspension leaching was fastest, but suspending the solids exhibits some disadvantages (low solid content, costly reactors, permanent input of energy, high water consumption, special equipment required for solid separation, large amounts of waste water, sediment properties hinder reuse), which prevent suspension leaching in practice. Abiotic solid-bed leaching implies the supply of acid by percolating water which proceeds slowly due to a limited bed permeability. Microbial solid-bed leaching means the generation of acid within the bed and has been proven to be the only principle applicable to practice. Metal removal from leached sediment requires washing with water. Washing of solid beds was much more effective than washing of suspended sediment. The kinetics of metal removal from solid beds 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2m in height were similar; when using a percolation flow of 20lm(-2)h(-1), the removal of 98% of the mobile metals lasted 57-61h and required 8.5, 4.2 or 2.3lkg(-1) water. This means, the higher the solid bed, the lower the sediment-mass-specific demand for time and water. 相似文献
279.
The impact of grazing on spider communities in a mesophytic calcareous dune grassland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 spiders were sampled with pitfall traps in a botanically rich, mesophytic, calcareous dune
grassland in Belgium. As a consequence of intensive cattle grazing, vegetation variation in a large part of the area had diminished.
The study area was also patchily grazed by rabbits. Community analysis with TWINSPAN revealed five distinct spider communities.
Ecological differentiation was best explained by combination of the habitat variables: distance from grazed or non-grazed
vegetation,Rosa pimpinellifolia cover and grass cover in both summer and winter. Species diversity was highest in the border zone between the cattle-grazed
and non cattle-grazed sites.
Correlation of the most abundant spider species with the vegetation determinants explains the ecological differentiation between
the spider communities. Species were classified into seven major groups that reflect the species’ habitat preferences. The
group showing clear association with non cattle-grazed, tall vegetation consists of common species. Characteristic species
for the intensively cattle-grazed sites are common aeronauts and rare species such asWalckenaeria stylifrons, Mastigusa arietina, Ceratinopsis romana andPardosa monticola. The latter are shown to be dependent on ungrazed vegetation for juvenile development and overwintering. Intensive grazing
results in homogeneous short vegetation, which can only be colonized by ‘open ground’ species with a well-developed dispersal
capacity, or by species which are not dependent on litter-rich situations for juvenile development. An extensive cattle grazing
regime results in a patchy mosaic grassland where, in addition to the above mentioned groups of species, other species survive
by migrating between the buffered litter rich ungrazed vegetation and the short vegetation. Additionally, some typical and
rare species prefer the transition zone between the grazed and the ungrazed vegetation because they are associated with specific
habitat structures or inhabiting ant-species. 相似文献
280.
During 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 spiders were sampled with pitfall traps in a botanically rich, mesophytic, calcareous dune
grassland in Belgium. As a consequence of intensive cattle grazing, vegetation variation in a large part of the area had diminished.
The study area was also patchily grazed by rabbits. Community analysis with TWINSPAN revealed five distinct spider communities.
Ecological differentiation was best explained by combination of the habitat variables: distance from grazed or non-grazed
vegetation,Rosa pimpinellifolia cover and grass cover in both summer and winter. Species diversity was highest in the border zone between the cattle-grazed
and non cattle-grazed sites.
Correlation of the most abundant spider species with the vegetation determinants explains the ecological differentiation between
the spider communities. Species were classified into seven major groups that reflect the species’ habitat preferences. The
group showing clear association with non cattle-grazed, tall vegetation consists of common species. Characteristic species
for the intensively cattle-grazed sites are common aeronauts and rare species such asWalckenaeria stylifrons, Mastigusa arietina, Ceratinopsis romana andPardosa monticola. The latter are shown to be dependent on ungrazed vegetation for juvenile development and overwintering. Intensive grazing
results in homogeneous short vegetation, which can only be colonized by ‘open ground’ species with a well-developed dispersal
capacity, or by species which are not dependent on litter-rich situations for juvenile development. An extensive cattle grazing
regime results in a patchy mosaic grassland where, in addition to the above mentioned groups of species, other species survive
by migrating between the buffered litter rich ungrazed vegetation and the short vegetation. Additionally, some typical and
rare species prefer the transition zone between the grazed and the ungrazed vegetation because they are associated with specific
habitat structures or inhabiting ant-species.
Nomenclature: Roberts (1987, 1995) forAraneae; van der Meijden et al. (1990) for vascular plants; Corly et al. (1981) for bryophytes; Schaminée et al. (1996) for vegetation
associations. 相似文献