Bottom-up re-estimations of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants derived from straw burning of three cereal crops production in China based on a national questionnaire

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Crop straw open burning is considered as an important source of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants emissions, which affects global climate...     

开顶式气室原位研究水稻汞富集对大气汞浓度升高的响应

采用开顶式气室熏气实验和土壤加汞培育实验,原位研究水稻各器官汞富集对大气汞质量浓度升高的响应关系.结果表明,水稻根中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度无显著相关性(P0.05),与土壤汞含量呈显著正相关(R=0.998 8,P0.05),表明水稻根中的汞主要来自于对土壤中汞的吸收累积.水稻茎中汞含量随大气汞质量浓度的升高呈线性增加(RB=0.964 6,RU=0.983 1,P0.05),且上部茎中汞含量高于下部茎;茎下部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈线性增加(R=0.990 1,P0.05),茎上部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈二次拟合增加(R=0.998 9,P0.05),且下部茎汞含量高于上部茎,说明茎汞含量受土壤和大气汞浓度的共同影响.水稻叶中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度呈显著正相关(R=0.998 5,P0.05),与土壤汞含量也有很好的线性关系(R=0.998 3,P=0.058 5),表明水稻从大气吸收的汞主要积累在叶片中,从土壤吸收的汞主要富集在根中并通过茎部向叶部传输.利用实验建立的函数关系对水稻地上生物质中汞的大气来源估算,至少60%~94%和56%~77%水稻叶和上部茎中的汞来自大气,而大气对下部茎仅贡献8%~56%.由此水稻地上部分生物质汞主要来自对大气汞的吸收,为区域大气汞的收支及汞循环模型提供理论依据.     

不同湿地模型中根系微生物的多样性

为了研究不同植物和滤料组合的小型湿地模型在处理养殖池塘水体过程中根系微生物群落的特征,并分析植物对根系微生物富集的影响,本研究对两种植物(茭白和慈菇)和两种滤料(石榴石和磁铁矿)进行组合构建了6种不同的湿地模型,并利用高通量测序技术分析湿地植物根系微生物的结构特点和多样性.结果表明:不同湿地模型根系微生物的种类和数量各不相同;所有收集的微生物总体上属于52个门,118个纲,455科,905个属和1 426个种;根据Shannon指数,茭白(平均为5.77)比慈菇(平均为5.29)在微生物富集方面具有更强的能力;但是,慈菇和茭白根系微生物中变形菌门的比例分别平均为61.97%和51.78%,说明慈菇能够更好地富集变形菌.β-变形菌纲为实验期间不同植物根际富集的主要细菌类群.本研究结果为人工湿地植物优化选择提供了理论基础和湿地组合最佳构建提供了基础资料.     

光散射法与β射线衰减-光散射联用法颗粒物在线测量方法对比

为考察光散射法和β射线衰减-光散射联用法的适用性,以β射线衰减法颗粒物自动监测仪（BAM）为标准,于2016年2月4日-4月18日,在中国环境科学研究院利用β射线衰减-光散射联用法颗粒物自动监测仪（MP-CPM）与光散射法传感器对ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）测量结果进行了对比.结果表明:① MP-CPM与BAM测量ρ（PM₁₀）的结果具有较好的一致性,相关系数为0.92,平均相对偏差为0.04%;ρ（PM_2.5）结果一致性较差,相关系数为0.69,MP-CPM测量ρ（PM_2.5）整体较高于BAM,平均相对偏差为45.8%.② 光散射法传感器与BAM测量ρ（PM_2.5）结果一致性较好,相关系数为0.85,平均相对偏差为11.24%,但ρ（PM₁₀）远低于BAM,平均相对偏差为-44.64%.在特殊污染情景下,光散射法将因受到较大影响而严重错估颗粒物浓度.烟花燃放期间,MP-CPM和光散射法传感器严重低估颗粒物浓度,与BAM测量颗粒物浓度的平均相对偏差均低于-50%;沙尘污染过程中,MP-CPM严重高估ρ（PM_2.5）,与BAM测量ρ（PM_2.5）结果平均相对偏差为79.27%,光散射法传感器严重低估ρ（PM₁₀）,与BAM测量ρ（PM₁₀）结果平均相对偏差为-59.35%.研究显示,不同原理的仪器,在不同的使用场景下应该区别对待.      

某钢铁企业颗粒物无组织排放核算与监测对比分析

以济南东部老工业区一家大型钢铁企业为例,通过前期调研和排放系数核算出颗粒物(TSP)排放总量,再运用公式计算出厂区周边不同距离颗粒物(TSP)的落地浓度。将该落地浓度与厂区周边颗粒物(TSP)的监测值进行对比分析,充分印证了连续点源扩散的高斯模式的准确性和可行性。随着气流经过该厂区,对比上下风向监测点位颗粒物(TSP)浓度迅速升高(增大1.04倍),下风向颗粒物(TSP)浓度超出二级标准1.32倍;颗粒物(TSP)的落地浓度在厂区不同距离上的浓度变化明显,从0.1到10 km其落地浓度稀释了约3 500倍,距离>4 km时,无组织排放的颗粒物(TSP)对周围空气质量直接影响有限。     

人工快渗一体化设备在农村污水处理中的应用

针对农村污水的特点,结合湖北十堰地区农村污水处理工程案例,分析了以人工快渗技术为核心的一体化设备在实际应用中的运行效果和工艺优势。经过实际运行监测,工程处理出水主要水质指标可达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,并且该工艺设备具有运行成本低、抗冲击负荷能力强、运行管理方便等优点,可有效地解决目前农村地区由于资金、技术、人才等因素限制造成的污水处理能力低和管理水平低的问题,是一种适合我国农村地区污水处理的工艺设备。     

浸没燃烧技术处理高浓度有机废水研究

针对现阶段高浓度有机废水处理困难的问题,提出了一种基于浸没燃烧技术的处理方法,设计制作了1台浸没燃烧装置,并开展了高浓度有机废水浸没燃烧实验研究,探究了过量空气系数、二次风量、燃烧温度等参数对燃烧尾气中CO、NOx排放的影响,以及浸没深度、燃烧温度对高浓度有机废水COD去除的影响。实验结果表明:该工艺对高浓度有机废水中的有机物去除效果明显,温度在900℃以上,浸没深度达到20 cm时,COD去除率可达90%以上。该方法可作为废水处理设备,与生物法等处理技术联用,应用前景广阔。     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

Pd-MnO2 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) photo-electrodes photo-catalytic properties and their ability of degrading Rhodamine B under visible light

Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) photo-electrodes were successfully fabricated via anodization and electro deposition subsequently; the obtained Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 NTAs photo electrodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and characterized accordingly. Moreover, the light harvesting and absorption properties were investigated via ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS); photo degradation efficiency was investigated via analyzing the photo catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible illumination(xenon light). The performed analyses illustrated that Pd-MnO_2 codoped particles were successfully deposited onto the surface of the TiO_2 nanotube arrays;DRS results showed significant improvement in visible light absorption which was between400 and 700 nm. Finally, the photo catalytic degradation efficiency results of the designated organic pollutant(Rhodamine B) illustrated a superior photocatalytic(PC) efficiency of approximately 95% compared to the bare TiO_2 NTAs, which only exhibited a photo catalytic degradation efficiency of approximately 61%, thus it indicated the significant enhancement of the light absorption properties of fabricated photo electrodes and their yield of UOH radicals.     

基于遗传神经网络的除湿机故障诊断与寿命预测

目的识别除湿机的性能状态和预测吸附剂的剩余寿命。方法针对除湿机故障过程缓变的特点,提出一种基于数据驱动的遗传神经网络模型。首先,为解决设备失效程度划分模糊的问题,由5个热力参数组成反映吸附剂劣化程度的特征向量,关联分析得到除湿机的5类故障模式。其次,利用遗传神经网络建立状态参数和故障模式的映射关系。最后,对表征设备吸附能力的主参数进行外推预测。结果训练好的诊断网络可准确地识别出设备的劣化程度及其演变过程,预测网络的预测精度非常高。结论该方法可有效地实现对除湿机的故障诊断与预测。。