Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

曝气生物滤池去除邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯的效果

采用陶粒滤料曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)模拟废水,考察了空床接触时间(EBCT)、温度对BBP的去除效果的影响;运用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了BBP在曝气生物滤池内降解的中间产物并推测其可能的降解途径。结果表明,当温度为25℃,空床接触时间(EBCT)为8 h时,BAF对BBP的降解效果良好,去除率达到95.7%;BAF对BBP的去除率随着温度的升高和EBCT的增加而增大,EBCT为去除效果的主要影响因素。BAF出水中检测到邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)以及邻苯二甲酸(PA)等降解产物,据此推测邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯的生物降解途径可能为BBP的苯环先断裂生成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,而后断裂一个酯键形成单酯,接着再断裂另一酯键形成邻苯二甲酸,最终分解成二氧化碳和水。     

生化尾水垂直流-水平潜流组合湿地净化研究

采用垂直上升流-水平潜流组合人工湿地装置,对处理污水处理厂生化尾水进行深度处理,选用陶粒、沸石和砾石3种填料,美人蕉、再力花和菖蒲3种植物配置成6种不同的组合.8个月的试验结果表明,水力负荷为0.5 m3/(m2·d),试验装置对NH3-N和TP的去除效果较好,NH3-N平均去除率在69.3％以上,6组试验装置中4组的TP平均去除率在50％以上;COD,N03--N和TN去除效果较差,平均去除率分别在12.5％～ 15.1％,-1.8％ ～ 9.6％和6.3％～ 17.9％之间.以陶粒为填料种植美人蕉的组合湿地装置脱氮除磷效果最好,NH3-N,TN,N03--N,TP的平均去除率分别达到80.9％,17.9％,9.6％,77.5％.     

双水相浮选-HPLC法测定水中氯硝柳胺

文章建立了双水相浮选-高效液相色谱法来测定环境水中氯硝柳胺的含量。选择丙酮为亲水有机溶剂,40%(NH4)2SO4溶液为分相剂。当pH为3.0,氮气流速为20 min/mL,浮选时间为30 min时,萃取率达93.4%。该方法具有高效、绿色环保以及低成本等优点,是一种测定水样中氯硝柳胺含量的新方法。     

“十一五”期间通辽市环境质量存在的主要问题及成因

本文通过对＂十一五＂期间通辽市环境质量监测数据的统计分析,从污染源和环境质量的关系得出存在的问题,从自然环境要素与生态环境两个角度总结＂十一五＂期间存在的问题。通过对环境质量的问题分析,寻找产生这些问题的原因,从而为改善环境质量提供解决的途径。     

汽车排气污染防治现状及对策分析

随着汽车保有量的剧增,汽车尾气已逐步成为城市环境空气污染的主要来源之一,本文依据我国对机动车污染防治实施的政策及措施,结合近年来现状,对汽车排气污染防治的思路、政策及措施等方面做了分析探讨。     

X射线光电子能谱在HTPB推进剂老化机理研究中的应用

采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）法研究了HTPB推进剂在80℃热空气烘箱内分别老化0周、13周和24周的元素组成、化学价态及含量变化。通过拟合C,O,N,Cl等元素的XPS谱图,推测该推进剂在常温（25℃）贮存老化初期应是氧化交联,后期则出现降解断链,并认为NH4ClO4缓慢分解,攻击C C不饱和双键,使得C C双键含量降低是HTPB推进剂老化失效的主要原因。Al粉被包裹在推进剂粘合剂内部,XPS法未能检出Al粉。由于Al粉比较稳定,不参与推进剂老化过程,故XPS仍可用于HTPB推进剂老化机理研究。     

储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中腐蚀性能对比

采用电化学试验、浸泡试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中的腐蚀性能差异。电化学试验结果表明,08MnNiVR在石油沉积水中的自腐蚀电流比SPV490Q略大。浸泡试验结果表明,中短期试验时,08MnNiVR的腐蚀率略大;较长期试验时,SPV490Q的腐蚀率略大。慢应变速率拉伸试验结果表明,08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中均具有高应力腐蚀抗力。     

LD2铝合金腐蚀行为研究

LD2铝合金广泛应用于直升机结构中。铝合金构件在服役过程中会承受环境所造成的疲劳损伤,从而大大降低其服役寿命,因此必须要研究该材料的腐蚀行为。利用SEM扫描电镜,结合能谱分析对铝合金腐蚀损伤行为进行了高精度微尺度研究,并在疲劳断口上发现腐蚀坑底部的“隧道”,该腐蚀隧道会使腐蚀损伤评定过于保守,为结构寿命预测带来较大的不确定性。