应用概率物种敏感度分布法研究太湖铜水生生物水质基准

运用概率物种敏感度分布法获得太湖水体中铜的急性水质基准值为14.57μg·L-1,慢性水质基准值为3.26μg·L-1;不同类别物种敏感性存在差异,无脊椎动物较脊椎动物更敏感,甲壳类敏感性大于鱼类。概率物种敏感度分布法与传统的物种敏感度分布法相比,更全面合理地考虑多种毒性效应,曲线拟合效果好,受数据量大小影响较小,结果更加稳定。研究结论可为铜水质标准的修订和太湖流域水环境管理提供技术支持。     

Recovery and reuse of floc sludge for high-performance capacitors

• The feasibility of facile fabrication of capacitor from floc sludge is discussed. • The porous carbon composites are obtained by acidification and KOH activation. • The as-prepared 3D structure has large surface area and optimal pore size. • Admirable specific capacitance and outstanding cycling stability are obtained. In this paper, floc sludge was transformed into porous carbon matrix composites by acidification and KOH activation at high temperature and used as an electrode material for application in capacitors. The effects of different treatment processes on the electrochemical properties of sludge materials were compared. The results of electrochemical tests showed that the sludge electrode exhibited excellent energy storage performance after HNO₃ acidification and KOH activation with a mass ratio of 3:1 (KOH/C). The specific capacitance of the sludge electrode reached 287 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the sludge electrode material showed excellent cycle stability (specific capacity retained at 93.4% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g). Based on XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and BET surface analysis, the morphology of sludge electrode materials can be effectively regulated by chemical pretreatment. The best-performing material showed a 3D porous morphology with a large specific surface area (2588 m²/g) and optimal pore size distribution, improving ion channels and charge conductivity. According to the life cycle assessment of floc sludge utilization, it reduced the resource consumption and toxicity risk by more than 90% compared with ordinary sludge disposal processes. This work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly sludge reuse method and demonstrated the application potential of sludge-based materials in high-performance supercapacitors.     

Partial anammox achieved in full scale biofilm process for typical domestic wastewater treatment

• A full scale biofilm process was developed for typical domestic wastewater treatment. • The HRT was 8 h and secondary sedimentation tank was omitted. • Candidatus Brocadia were enriched in the HBR with an abundance of 2.89%. • Anammox enabled a stable ammonium removal of ~15% in the anoxic zone. The slow initiation of anammox for treating typical domestic wastewater and the relatively high footprint of wastewater treatment infrastructures are major concerns for practical wastewater treatment systems. Herein, a 300 m³/d hybrid biofilm reactor (HBR) process was developed and operated with a short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h. The analysis of the bacterial community demonstrated that anammox were enriched in the anoxic zone of the HBR process. The percentage abundance of Candidatus Brocadia in the total bacterial community of the anoxic zone increased from 0 at Day 1 to 0.33% at Day 130 and then to 2.89% at Day 213. Based upon the activity of anammox bacteria, the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) in the anoxic zone was approximately 15%. This showed that the nitrogen transformation pathway was enhanced in the HBR system through partial anammox process in the anoxic zone. The final effluent contained 12 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 0.662 mg/L NH₄⁺-N, 7.2 mg/L total nitrogen (TN), and 6 mg/L SS, indicating the effectiveness of the HBR process for treating real domestic wastewater.     

等离子体技术降解茜素红水溶液的机理研究

研究了等离子体在内电极通氧条件下降解水相中茜素红的机理。研究表明:茜素红溶液的降解率与电极位置有关,且在0和22.5mm处出现2个高值。在0和22.5mm 2种电极位置时,茜素红的降解率与等离子体电压、茜素红的浓度、溶液初始pH值、处理时间的变化规律不完全相同。在0处时,茜素红溶液经等离子体放电处理后产物主要是含氧和羟基的小分子物质;在22.5mm时,产物主要是含-CO和含-OH的芳香类物质。研究认为:在内电极位置为0处时主要是高能电子的作用,而在22.5mm处时则是O2被解离产生氧原子,氧原子和高能电子与O2和H2O溶液作用产生O3、OH·、O2-和eaq-等活性物种与茜素红作用而引起其降解。这些结果为等离子体降解有机废水的实际应用提供了信息。     

模拟盐碱胁迫对小麦种子萌发的影响

农田土壤盐碱化已经成为影响小麦种子萌发的一个重要因素。利用NaCl和Na2CO3模拟盐碱胁迫对小麦种子的萌发影响实验表明：四种小麦的萌发率均表现出显著差异,并随着浓度的增加而表现出降低的趋势,并与无盐碱胁迫的萌发率表现相一致,其萌发率及萌发耐盐碱性次序高低顺序为：济南17〉淄麦12〉邯6172〉泰山9818。在单一盐或碱胁迫条件下,小麦的萌发率总是随着NaCl或Na2CO3浓度的增加而表现出不同程度的降低。无论以NaCl浓度增加为主还是以Na2CO3浓度增加为主的情况下,小麦种子的萌发均随着浓度的增加受到明显的抑制作用。盐碱复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发的影响机理还缺乏生物学及生理学上的解释,仍需要进行深入研究。     

石羊河流域生态环境的变迁与水资源利用对策

本文对石羊河流域水资源开发利用中存在的问题提出新观点,认为:①人们以往只注意强化地表水控制,削弱了天然地下水库的调节作用;②只注意农田用水,忽视了绿洲生态用水;⑧目前采用的落后灌溉方式造成水资源的严重浪费。针对这些问题,本文提出石羊河流域水资源管理综合决策方案,建立多目标管理决策模型,把该流域划分为16个管理亚区,以绿洲农田生态系统和植被生态系统的需水量为决策变量,对经济发展、开发水资源投资、生态环填改善等方面的9个目标作综合考虑。通过模型的模拟运转,展示了该流域生态环境日趋恶化的状况可以得到有效的控制。     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

水中硝基苯的快速气相色谱测定

直接进水样气相色谱法快速测定水中的硝基苯，分别采用2％QF－1＋1．5OV－1ChromosorbWAW－DMCS（80-100目）（Ⅰ）和5％聚乙醇-6000101白色担体（40－60目）（Ⅱ）为固定相的两种不锈钢柱，FID检测器，对硝基苯完成分离，本法进样4μl的检测限为0．25mg／L，能满足应急污染监测的需要。对柱Ⅰ，提出了一种改善分离的方法．     

DBD技术脱除恶臭气体H2S和CS2的可行性

采用DBD技术脱除工业废气中的H₂S和CS₂.12kV的电压下,分压为4kPa的H₂S,放电5s,去除率接近100%;分压为1.33kPa的CS₂,放电15s,其去除率可达80%.H₂S和CS₂的去除率都随其浓度的增加而下降.在实验室研究的基础上,设计了废气处理量为420m³/h、流速为10m/s的DBD净化装置,进行了实际含H₂S和CS₂的工业废气净化研究,H₂S去除率可达89%,能量消耗为5.2W·h/m³.结果表明DBD技术对于处理含硫恶臭工业废气,具有实际应用价值.     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of VOCs using Ln3+-TiO2 catalysts for indoor air purification

Two types of lanthanide ion-doped titanium dioxide (Ln3+-TiO2) catalysts including La3+-TiO2 and Nd3+-TiO2 were prepared by a sol-gel method. The effects of the lanthanide ion doping on the crystal structure, surface area, adsorption properties, pore size distribution, and surface chemical state of the catalysts were investigated by means of XRD, BET, and XPS. As results, the crystal size decreased significantly, while the specific surface area, t-plot total surface area, micropore volume, and the total pore volume increased owing to the lanthanide ion doping. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the catalysts showed that the N2 adsorption ability of the Ln3+-TiO2 catalysts was better than the TiO2 catalyst. Among them, the 0.7% Ln3+-TiO2 catalysts demonstrated the highest adsorption ability. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was investigated in the experiments of the photocatalytic degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) in a gaseous phase. The photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2 catalysts with the lanthanide ion doping was remarkably enhanced by BTEX removal. The 1.2% Ln3+-TiO2 catalysts achieved the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photodegradation of BTEX is possibly due to the improved adsorption ability and the enhanced electron-hole pairs separation due to the presence of Ti3+ on the surface of Ln3+-TiO2 catalysts and the electron transfer between the conduction band/defect level and lanthanide crystal field state.