Seasonal and spatial variations of acid-volatile sulphide and simultaneously extracted metals in the Yangtze River Estuary

Surface sediments were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in May 2012, August 2012, November 2012 and February 2013 to analyse the seasonal and spatial distributions of acid-volatile sulphide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and the sediment toxicity. An optimised method was used for the AVS and SEM analysis and the results showed that the seasonal variations of AVS were positively correlated with changes in water temperature and the position of higher AVS was relatively fixed. The average of SEM was gradually increased from May 2012 to February 2013 and there were abnormally high values of SEM_Cu and SEM_Ni in the YRE. Concentrations of the five SEM components were in the following order: Cd?相似文献   

北京西三环地区不同粒径大气颗粒物中有机脂肪酸的污染特性

年1—7月在北京市西三环航天桥地区,用大流量分级采样器分5级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用溶剂提取和衍生化方法对样品进行前处理,利用GC-MS分析不同粒径颗粒物中的有机脂肪酸. 结果表明:在颗粒物中共检出21种MOA(一元有机脂肪酸)和7种DIA(二元有机脂肪酸);ρ(∑₂₁MOA)(21种MOA总质量浓度)和ρ(∑₇DIA)(7种DIA总质量浓度)均在粒径<0.69μm的超细颗粒中最高,分别约占各自5级颗粒物质量浓度总和的30.0%和32.5%;颗粒物中ρ(∑₂₁MOA)和ρ(∑₇DIA)月际变化规律不同,前者在1—2月最高,3月次之;而后者在5—7月最高. MOA和DIA的组成、分布特点亦不尽相同,其中C₁₀~C₂₄的MOA表现出明显的偶数碳优势,而DIA没有显现奇偶优势;MOA中ρ(C₁₆-MOA)最高,ρ(C₁₈-MOA)次之;DIA中ρ(壬二酸)最高. 基于MOA的C₁₈/C₁₆〔ρ(C₁₈-MOA)/ρ(C₁₆-MOA)〕和CPI(碳优先指数)分析表明,颗粒物中MOA主要来自人为源,与燃煤排放、机动车尾气及烹调排放相关,1—2月燃煤排放对颗粒物中MOA的贡献明显.      

Denitrification in bottom sediment near oil production facilities off the Louisiana Gulf Coast

There is little information on denitrification in Gulf of Mexico bottom sediment. Potential denitrification rates in surface sediment were measured along transects legs extending 0–800 m from two offshore oil production platforms. The average potential denitrification ranged from approximately 50 mg N m^?2 d^?1 in surface sediment near the platforms to 15 mg N m^?2 d^?1 in sediment 800 m from the platforms. Measured denitrification rates were correlated to a higher organic matter content in sediment nearer the platforms. This research examined only a small component of nitrogen processing in Gulf of Mexico sediment. Additional research should examine the effect of nitrogen loading and temporal and spatial variability on denitrification rate.     

A review of spatial and temporal assessment of PFOS and PFOA contamination in China

The current state of concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in China is presented. While products that are known to degrade to either PFOS or PFOA have been used in China, concentrations in environmental media have been reported to be relatively low across China. Greater concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were observed in southern and eastern China than in other areas of China. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were relatively great in the Huangpu River, with concentrations of 20.5 ng l^?1 and 1590 ng l^?1, respectively. Surface waters of Dongguan and Shanghai were more contaminated by PFOS and PFOA than that of other cities. Dongguan was the only city in China in which PFOS value in surface water exceeded the water quality criterion, while PFOA concentration in Shanghai was 152 ng l^?1. Similar to other contaminants, point-source pollution was also the common pattern of PFOS and PFOA contamination. Concentrations of PFOS in human blood in China were relatively greater in China than other countries, with drinking water contamination given as the most likely source. Concentrations of PFOS in human blood have increased from the 1980s to the 2000s, while such a trend was not observed for PFOA.     

模拟氮沉降对兴安落叶松林凋落物分解的影响

试验施加NH4NO3、KNO3和NH4Cl3种氮肥,设置对照（N0,0 kg·hm-2·a-1）、低氮（N1,10 kg·hm-2·a-1）、中氮（N2,20kg·hm-2·a-1）、高氮（N3,40 kg·hm-2·a-1）4个施氮水平,通过交互试验,研究模拟N沉降对大兴安岭兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）林凋落物分解的影响。结果表明,在兴安落叶松林凋落物分解过程中,叶分解最快,其次是枝,分解最慢的为果,在分解16个月后,枝、叶、果的质量残留率分别为76.68%、47.98%和80.43%,3者异极其显著（p〈0.01）。凋落物叶分解95%所需时间为6.71 a,而枝和果所需时间分别为18.07和18.10 a。在模拟大气氮沉降下凋落物分解过程中,施加KNO3,N2处理下的枝、叶、果的质量残留率极显著低于N3处理（p〈0.01）,显著低于N0和N1处理。施加NH4Cl下,N1处理显著低于N0处理（p〈0.05）。在施加NH4NO3下,N1水平处理下的枝、叶、果的分解速率显著增加（p〈0.05）,但是随着施氮量的增加,分解速率就会减慢,N3处理下,有着明显的抑制作用（p〈0.05）,说明氮沉降对于凋落物分解有着促进作用,但是随着时间和氮沉降量的增加,促进作用延缓甚至是抑制作用。     

乙炔燃爆特性的研究

为减少乙炔火灾爆炸事故的发生,采用20 L爆炸罐为试验仪器,对常温、初始压力0.1 MPa条件下,不同体积配比乙炔-空气混合气的燃爆特性及氮气对乙炔分解爆炸的影响进行了试验研究,并结合碰撞理论和燃烧反应方程对试验结果进行了理论分析。结果表明:乙炔-空气混合气体随乙炔体积分数增大,最大爆炸压力逐渐升高;在乙炔体积分数为10%~55%范围内,乙炔与空气混合气的最大爆炸压力恒定在1.7 MPa,乙炔体积分数为10%时取得最大爆炸指数(78.14MPa.m/s);乙炔体积分数为55%~100%范围内,混合气体爆炸与初始压力有关,并且初始压力随乙炔体积分数增大而升高;纯乙炔分解爆炸的初始压力为0.18 MPa。氮气对乙炔分解爆炸有一定的抑制作用,并随氮气体积分数增加,抑制作用逐渐增大。     

基于循证方法的施工现场安全事故预防体系研究

为提高施工现场安全绩效,构建基于循证方法的施工现场安全事故预防体系。阐明施工现场安全循证预防(EBP)的定义、内涵、核心思想,梳理循证预防解决安全问题的思路,并且提出施工现场安全管理循证预防的流程框架。结果表明:针对施工现场安全事故预防中的不足,循证方法解决问题的思路体现在理论和方法 2个层面;施工现场安全管理循证预防体系分为循证诊断和循证干预2个阶段,具体包括安全检查表、框架表示法、荟萃(Meta)分析等关键步骤。     

饮用水中内分泌干扰物甲草胺的O3氧化降解机制研究

研究了饮用水中一种具有内分泌干扰作用的有机污染物甲草胺的臭氧氧化降解机制.采用液相色谱、气相色谱、UV吸收及离子色谱对甲草胺臭氧氧化降解反应的中间产物和最终产物进行跟踪分析.结果表明,O₃在酸性条件下单独作用时,反应进行30 min后就可去除甲草胺约94%,但TOC仅去除了约35%, 这说明O₃氧化降解甲草胺的过程不能完全矿化为CO₂和H₂O.通过UV和液相色谱可观察到反应过程中大量中间产物的生成,其中有一定量的小分子有机酸产生,导致处理后水的pH从5.96下降到3.94,反应中无机离子的产生也证实了甲草胺的结构在一定程度上被破坏.     

大学生使用电脑及受其电磁辐射污染状况的调查

为了解目前高校内大学生拥有个人电脑的情况,以及大学生对其所产生电磁辐射污染的了解程度和受其危害程度,在南开大学本部选取有代表性的学生宿舍楼进行问卷调查.结果显示,大学生中个人电脑的普及率为45.7%,以电磁辐射强度相对大的阴极射线管(Cathod RayTube,CRT)显示器电脑为主,占64.9%;拥有个人电脑的大学生,平均每日使用电脑的时间长;学生使用电脑后出现不良症状(眼疼、头晕等)的比例高,为77.4%,女生对电磁辐射的敏感程度高于男生;随每日使用电脑时间的延长,出现不良症状的人数增加;大学生对电磁辐射的危害有所了解的人数比例为71.9%,但知道防护措施的仅为29.6%,使用防护屏的仅为5.4%.综合调查结果认为,大学生电脑普及率高,使用时间长,且对电脑电磁辐射无应有的防护,大多数大学生在一定程度上已经受到了电磁辐射的影响,大学生受电脑电磁辐射已经成为一个值得关注的新问题.