海洋世界遗产发展趋势及对我国参与全球海洋治理的影响

为了更有效地参与海洋世界遗产申报工作,加强海洋保护与治理,分析了海洋世界遗产的发展趋势及其在海洋生态环境保护、海洋资源开发利用、公海极地治理等方面的影响,提出了我国参与海洋世界遗产工作及全球海洋治理的建议,为我国海洋世界遗产申报奠定了基础.     

基于分形模型的城市空气质量评价方法研究

基于分形模型开展了城市空气质量的评价方法研究.首先利用分形求和模型分析大气污染物分布特征,用分维数定量描述其浓度分布随机程度,开展了城市空气质量评价的背景值和标准值的确定方法研究.然后在此基础上基于橡树岭大气环境质量指数评价方法,确定了基于二氧化硫、二氧化氮、PM10三项污染物的中国城市人为源空气质量评价方法模型.最后以西安市为示范区,利用本研究方法确定了西安市的大气环境背景值和评价标准值,建立了适用于西安市的大气环境质量指数模型,并开展了2010年该市全年环境质量分析评价工作.结果表明,基于分形模型的评价结果认为西安市空气质量年变化呈“U”字型分布,该方法比常规环境空气质量评价方法更能表现出空气质量的变化规律和季节分布特征.总体上,2010年西安市空气质量良好,未受到污染天数占83%,但是受沙尘天气影响比较大;西安市空气质量随季节变化特征比较明显,夏季和秋季空气质量较好,受污染程度较低,冬季和春季空气质量较差,受污染程度偏高.     

石化污水厂二级出水溶解性有机物分级解析研究

以某石化污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中溶解性有机物分离成亲水性物质、疏水酸性物质、疏水中性物质和疏水碱性物质4个组分,分析了各组分的有机物的组成特征、三维荧光光谱特征及红外光谱特征.结果表明,亲水性物质和疏水酸性物质分别占水样中溶解性有机碳的49%和29%,是该石化污水厂二级出水中的主要物质类别.亲水性物质中含有较多的生物源腐殖质类物质,疏水中性物质含有较多的芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质.4种组分的红外光谱图中600~1200cm-1波数的指纹区波峰数量最多,多为芳香类同分异构体化合物.     

老化油泥处理过程中的微生物群落变化特征

通过在油田现场构建2个中试规模的生物堆(秸秆添加堆和对照堆)对老化油泥进行处理,运用BIOLOGTM系统对油泥中微生物群落水平的生理特性进行分析,测定其微生物代谢活性、代谢多样性及代谢特征差异性,以研究堆体各层次间微生物群落代谢特征的变化规律. 结果表明,与对照堆相比,秸秆添加堆的多项生理特性指标均得到显著提升,其中微生物代谢多样性指数变化范围由1.64～3.02升至2.83～3.29,并且表现出时间上的稳定性和空间层次间的均质性;在微生物碳源代谢特征的差异性分析中,对照堆各层次随时间推移表现出向其外层顺次变化的规律;油泥中总异养菌及石油烃降解菌的数量与环境温度关联性较强,石油烃降解菌的数量在试验末期取得峰值,达4.15×107 CFU/g.      

根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素Ce的影响

采用溶液培养的方法探讨根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收积累和转运稀土元素Ce的影响。结果表明,Ce污染胁迫可抑制水稻根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜吸附的Ce量随着溶液中Ce浓度的提高而增加。根表铁膜形成可降低水稻根系但提高水稻茎叶对Ce的吸收积累。当溶液中Ce浓度为0.1、0.5和1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,铁膜诱导组水稻根系Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻根系Ce含量降低38.60%、45.94%和32.75%,诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量提高42.37%、28.87%和22.62%。根表铁膜形成可影响Ce在水稻植株中的富集和转运能力。非诱导组水稻根系富集Ce的能力远大于茎叶。诱导组水稻根系对Ce的富集能力最强,其次是根表铁膜,最后是水稻茎叶。诱导组水稻根系Ce转运系数显著大于非诱导组的根系,说明根表铁膜形成可促进水稻根部Ce向茎叶中转运。可见,根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素的影响机理比较复杂。     

有机污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数的QSAR研究

污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数(K_(PW))是衡量被动采样器性能和进行优化的一个重要指标,由于实验方法难以逐个测定众多污染物的K_(PW)值,有必要发展其KP W预测方法。本研究选取聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯酸酯(PA)和硅橡胶(SR)3类常用的被动采样材料共7种,采用多元线性回归分析方法构建可用于K_(PW)预测的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。所构建的QSAR模型具有良好的拟合优度(R2a dj介于0.806~0.989)、稳健性(Q2L O O和Q2B O O T分别介于0.786~0.988和0.773~0.801)和预测能力(R_(ext)~2和Q_(ext)~2分别介于0.769~0.989和0.757~0.982),可以用于预测烷烃、烯烃、芳香类、醇类、酮类、酯类、醚类等多种有机污染物的log KP W值。有机污染物的log KP W与分子Mc Gowan体积(Vx)、氯原子个数(n Cl)、环周长(Rperim)、多重键个数(n BM)、N,O极性贡献的拓扑极性表面积(TPSA(NO))、[-N(=)=]结构个数(Ndds N)和羟基个数(nROH)等参数有关。     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid

Trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide (CP) in the presence of citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of CA enhanced TCE degradation significantly by increasing the concentration of soluble Fe(III) and promoting H₂O₂ generation. The generation of HO? and O₂^-? in both the CP/Fe(III) and CP/Fe(III)/CA systems was confirmed with chemical probes. The results of radical scavenging tests showed that TCE degradation was due predominantly to direct oxidation by HO?, while O₂^-? strengthened the generation of HO? by promoting Fe(III) transformation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Acidic pH conditions were favorable for TCE degradation, and the TCE degradation rate decreased with increasing pH. The presence of Cl^-, HCO₃^-, and humic acid (HA) inhibited TCE degradation to different extents for the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Analysis of Cl^- production suggested that TCE degradation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system occurred through a dechlorination process. In summary, this study provided detailed information for the application of CA-enhanced Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide for treating TCE contaminated groundwater.     

Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell （MEC）. The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H2-full atmosphere to enrich Ha-utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.5 mol· L-1 and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to - 1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode （SCE）. Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H＋ can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m3. m 3. d1 with a current density of 951.6 A. m-3 was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of - 1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol· L-1 bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.     

An interval joint-probabilistic programming method for solid waste management: a case study for the city of Tianjin, China

Currently, environmental protection and resources conservation continue to be challenges faced by solid-waste managers in China. These challenges are being further compounded by rapid socioeconomic devel- opment and population growth associated with increased waste generation rates and decreased waste disposal capacities. In response to these challenges, an interval joint-probabilistic mixed-integer programming （IJMP） method is developed for supporting long-term planning of waste management activities in the city of Tianjin, which is one of the largest municipalities in the northern part of China. In the IJMP, joint probabilistic constraints are introduced into an interval-parameter mixed-integer programming framework, such that uncertainties presented in terms of interval values and random variables can be reflected. Moreover, a number of violation levels for the waste-management-capacity constraints are examined, which can facilitate in-depth analyses of tradeoffs among economic objective and system-failure risk. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the city＇s existing waste-management practices and the long- term planning of the city＇s waste-management facilities.