Spatial assessment for groundwater quality based on GIS and improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment with entropy weights

The objective of the research is to evaluate spatial groundwater quality based on improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment model with entropy weights(FCAEW)in geographical information system(GIS)environment.This paper explores the method of comprehensive evaluation of groundwater and sets up an evaluation model applying GIS and FCAEW.Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from 29 wells in Zhenping County,China.Six parameters were chosen including chloride,sulfate,total hardness,nitrate,fluoride and color.Better spatial interpolation methods for evaluated parameters are found out and selected according to the minimum cross-validation errors from the interpolation methods.FCAEW model was carried out with the help of GIS which makes the evaluating process simpler and easier and more automatically,effectively,efficiently and intelligently.The result embodies the feasibility and effectiveness of FCAEW in GIS when compared with other comprehensive evaluation methods.     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

上海市用水量与经济发展的关系研究

选取上海市1998～2006年的用水量、经济数据,通过人均GDP与人均用水量之间的关系,探索上海市用水量与经济发展是否存在环境库兹涅茨曲线关系,剖析上海市经济增长与用水量的演变规律,结果表明：上海市经济增长与用水量之间不符合一般的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,重新建立了曲线模型,通过模型计量分析,人均总用水量,人均农业用水量,人均生活用水量与人均GDP曲线均为“U＋倒U”形,而人均工业用水量人均GDP曲线为“倒U＋U”形,为合理开发上海市水资源提供较为科学严谨的依据。     

Evaluation of the readsorption of plutonium and americium in dynamic fractionations of environmental solid samples

A dynamic extraction system exploiting sequential injection (SI) for sequential extractions incorporating a specially designed extraction column is developed to fractionate radionuclides in environmental solid samples such as soils and sediments. The extraction column can contain up to 5 g of a soil sample, and under optimal operational conditions it does not give rise to creation of back pressure. Attention has been placed on studies of the readsorption problems during sequential extraction using a modified Standards, Measurements and Testing (SM&T) scheme with four-step sequential extractions. The degree of readsorption in dynamic and conventional batch extraction systems is compared and evaluated by using a double-spiking technique. A high degree of readsorption of plutonium and americium (>75%) was observed in both systems, and they also exhibited similar distribution patterns of the two radionuclides. However, the dynamic system is fully automated, eliminates manual separations, significantly reduces the operational time required, and offers detailed kinetic information.     

Evolution characteristics and transcriptional responses to multiple stresses of NAC genes in Chenopodium quinoa and its ancestral diploid species北大核心CSCD

NAC是一类广泛参与调控植物在生物和非生物胁迫下防御应答的转录因子.基于系统的比较基因组学研究方法,对藜麦Chenopodium quinoa的NAC基因进行进化与多个生物和非生物逆境下的应答研究.在藜麦C.quinoa、祖先二倍体Chenopodium pallidicaule和Chenopodium suecicum基因组中分别共鉴定得到106、54和54个NAC基因.染色体定位数据表明藜麦基因组中18个NAC基因涉及串联倍增事件.3个物种NAC基因的系统进化树证明藜麦基因组中存在NAC基因的倍增与丢失.藜麦分别和C.pallidicaule和C.suecicum之间同源基因组模块的对应数目关系进一步证明藜麦保留了相当数量的祖先二倍体NAC基因,是其NAC基因倍增的主要动力.此外,藜麦NAC基因在干旱、高温、盐、低磷胁迫和GCFSV侵染下的表达模式被阐明;大量NAC基因被显著地诱导表达,推测其参与了藜麦在生物和非生物胁迫下的防御应答反应.本研究结果为藜麦的遗传育种提供了优良的候选NAC基因.(图7参26)     

不同类型清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果及界面性质的影响

为解决聚驱采出液中产生的大量含聚油泥造成石油资源浪费和环境污染问题,选用化学清洗法对含聚油泥进行处理。不同类型化学清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果的规律是:无机型和非离子型清洗剂对含聚油泥清洗效果最好,阴离子型清洗剂次之,阳离子型清洗剂最差。优化了无机清洗剂Na2SiO3和非离子型清洗剂EL100的脱油条件,脱油率分别达到91.12%和85.59%。不同类型清洗剂清洗含聚油泥的脱油率与油水界面性质具有明显的关联性,即脱油率越高,水相电导率越小,油滴Zeta电位绝对值越小,油滴中值粒径越大,油水界面张力越小。     

Controlled synthesis of uniform BiVO4 microcolumns and advanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity for the degradation of metronidazole-contained wastewater

Well-defined, uniform bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) microcolumns were synthesized through a refined hydrothermal route. During the fabrication process, a detailed orthogonal design on the synthetic conditions was performed, aiming to optimize the experimental parameters to produce BiVO₄ materials (BiVO₄ (Opt.)) with the most prominent visible-light-driven photocatalytic efficiency, where the catalytic activities of the synthesized materials were evaluated via the decolorization of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The BiVO₄ (Opt.) were then targetedly produced according to the determined optimal conditions and well characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet and visible diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Compared with the commercial P25-TiO₂ photocatalysts, the as-synthesized BiVO₄ (Opt.) displayed superior visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities for the degradation of metronidazole-contained wastewater with the presence of H₂O₂. The degradation efficiency of metronidazole reached up to 70 % within 180 min, leading to a brief speculation on the possibly major steps of the visible-light-driven photocatalytic process. The current study provides a distinctive route to design novel shaped BiVO₄ architectures with advanced photocatalytic capacities for the treatment of organic pollutants in the aqueous environment.     

膜分离—变压吸附耦合工艺处理催化剂载体生产废气

采用膜分离—变压吸附耦合工艺处理DQ催化剂载体生产过程产生的高浓度挥发性有机物（VOCs）废气。实验结果表明：在进气正己烷和非甲烷总烃的质量浓度分别为95 000~212 000 mg/m³和100 000 ~220 000 mg/m³、渗余侧压力0.25 MPa、渗透侧真空度0.09 MPa、进气流量15 Nm³/h的条件下,膜分离单元对废气中正己烷及非甲烷总烃的平均去除率分别为97.88%和97.29%;变压吸附单元对正己烷及非甲烷总烃的平均去除率分别为99.35%和99.33%;整套装置对正己烷及非甲烷总烃的平均总去除率分别为99.99%和99.98%。平均正己烷回收率达95.56%。处理后废气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度小于70 mg/ m³,达到北京市DB 11/ 447—2007 《炼油与石油化学工业大气污染物排放标准》的一级指标。     

不同温度下约束钢梁的落锤冲击响应分析

研究不同温度和冲击荷载作用下约束钢梁的动力响应问题。利用通用非线性有限元分析程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA,分别模拟了两端固支、一端固支一端轴向弹簧约束的钢梁在不同温度下受到落锤冲击时的动力响应。在温度荷载和冲击荷载联合作用下,分析了位移响应、撞击力时程曲线及冲量等的温度效应。通过撞击力时程曲线分析得出最大撞击力随温度的变化趋势与欧洲规范EC3给出的不同温度下的钢材的屈服强度折减系数的变化趋势相似,钢梁跨中的横向位移随着温度的升高而增加。还分析了高温和冲击荷载联合作用下落锤的撞击速度、不同的质量—速度组合、横向加劲肋对钢梁的变形的影响。     

夏季城市大气O3浓度影响因素及其相关关系

利用2003年夏季济南市区近地面大气O₃、相关前体物和气象因素等观测数据,研究了O₃浓度的分布特征及时间变化规律,分析了7月份O₃与NO、NO₂和CO等前体物及太阳辐射和气温气象条件的相关性.结果表明,济南市区夏季O₃污染比较严重,观测期间各污染物O₃、NO、NO₂、NO_x和CO浓度都相对较高,昼间O₃与各前体物的浓度呈较好的负相关关系,与太阳辐射具有非常明显的相关性,而与气温的相关性不明显.根据以上分析结果,利用回归分析方法,建立了昼间O₃浓度与前体物、气象因子之间的相关模式,结果表明O₃浓度的计算值与观测值符合性较好.