TiO2@酵母微球吸附废水中的荧光增白剂-VBL及再生研究

采用静电自组装的方法制备出具有草莓结构的TiO2@酵母微球作为吸附材料,对阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)废水进行吸附研究,考察了溶液pH、溶液初始浓度和TiO2@酵母投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于TiO2@酵母微球对FWA-VBL的吸附,平衡吸附量随着溶液初始浓度的增加而增加,随着TiO2@酵母微球投加量的增加而减小.TiO2@酵母对FWA-VBL的吸附行为更加符合Langmuir等温模型,在温度为323.15K下最大吸附量为167.50mg/g; 吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程; 热力学参数表明吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.归因于光催化-吸附耦合效应,TiO2@酵母微球展现出了良好的原位再生能力.H2O2的添加有助于提高TiO2@酵母微球的再生性能.     

安徽太平湖旅游地演化过程及机制

湖泊旅游逐渐成为我国湖泊资源利用的重要内容.论文探讨了湖泊旅游地发展的特点,分析了太平湖旅游地的演化过程与机制,结果表明湖泊旅游地发展具有易受干扰性、流域性和综合性的特点;基于Butler 生命周期理论,太平湖旅游地的演化过程可划分为三个阶段:①探索阶段(1970—1990 年),旅游地仅有少量的旅游者和旅游设施,湖泊生态系统处于自然状态;②参与阶段(1991—2005 年),地方政府重视旅游发展,发展观光旅游,建设旅游项目,形成了以水产养殖与旅游业相结合的湖泊资源利用模式;③发展阶段(2006 年至今),政府和外部资本推动太平湖基础设施和重大旅游项目建设,旅游人数和收入大幅增长,重点发展休闲度假旅游,向观光-休闲度假型旅游地转型,形成了旅游与城镇互动的发展格局.太平湖旅游地三个发展阶段体现了由自然发展向追求经济效益发展,再向追求综合效益发展的过程.     

基于ISM的区域综合减灾能力评价指标体系研究

分析了区域综合减灾能力的内涵,总结了国内外专家学者对各类减灾能力评价指标的研究进展,结合我国综合减灾工作实际情况,提出了评价区域综合减灾能力的5个一级指标,运用解释结构模型(ISM)定量论证了各指标体系之间的耦合性,证明了一级指标体系的科学性、全面性和综合性。通过对一级指标的细化提出了12个二级指标,考虑评价指标理论完整性的角度,提出了42个三级指标。在此基础上,考虑数据的可获取性,进一步凝练简化为20个三级指标,形成了适用于各类自然灾害、综合考虑灾害发展各个阶段、反映一个区域整体综合减灾能力的区域综合减灾能力评价指标体系。为评价区域综合减灾能力和综合减灾工作成效奠定了基础。     

外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.      

广东省国家级自然保护区2000─2010年生态系统服务价值演变

运用GIS和RS技术,分析了2000年、2010年广东省11个国家级自然保护区的土地利用变化特征,并采用修正的生态系统服务价值系数结合土地利用面积,对不同时期保护区的生态系统服务价值进行了计算. 结果表明:2000─2010年,广东省自然保护区草地、农田、湿地、水域和建设用地面积均有所增加,分别为18.58、81.24、1.91、86.47、70.79 hm2,而林地、未利用地面积则分别减少了166.25、92.75 hm2. 不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值量均发生变化,除未利用地外,其余生态系统服务价值均有所增加. 其中,水域和林地2类生态系统服务价值分别增加了728.07×107和463.90×107元,增加最显著. 自然保护区内各项生态系统服务价值均有所增加,其中,维护生物多样性价值、水文调节价值和废物处理价值增加最为显著,食物生产价值增加最少. 2000─2010年广东省11个自然保护区生态系统服务价值增加了1 199.70×107元,增长率为28.02%,表明自然保护区保护和管理成效较好.      

Salt-marsh erosion and restoration in relation to flood protection on the Wadden Sea barrier island Terschelling

This paper explores the impact of erosion and restoration measures on habitat development and on wave damping by a small salt marsh nestled alongside a dike on the Wadden island of Terschelling. The aim is to advance knowledge about the benefits and possible side-effects of salt-marsh restoration. Analysis of a time series of aerial photographs from 1944 to 2010 indicates that the salt marsh decreased steadily in size after maintenance of accretion works was terminated. In the western part of the marsh, which is accessible to sheep, vegetation is low (5–15 cm) and dominated by Salicornia europaea and by Spartina anglica. In the most intensively grazed parts, vegetation is very scarce. The eastern, inaccessible part of the salt marsh is covered by dense patches of the shrubby perennial Atriplex portulacoides and Spartina anglica (15–25 cm in height). SWAN wave models show that wave height at this location is significantly affected by the areal extent of the salt marsh as well as by the vegetation. High or dense vegetation are in the models nearly as effective in damping waves (with an initial height of 0.15 and 0.5 m) as widening the salt-marsh area by 350 m. A low density of low plants, as observed in the grazed part of the marsh, has almost no wave-damping effect. Even under conditions of sea level rise, a broader salt marsh vegetated with high plants significantly affects modelled wave height. Therefore, salt-marsh restoration is an adaptation measure worth exploring, though an array of effect types must be considered.     

Coal fly ash and straw immobilize Cu,Cd and Zn from mining wasteland

Soil heavy metal contamination is a major health issue. Chemical immobilization of toxic metals is a promising technique to solve this issue. In this study, soil was sampled from a copper mining-polluted area in eastern China. Coal fly ash and straw were applied to soil samples at 5 % w/w ratio and 2 % w/w ratio, and incubated for 6 weeks. The CaCl₂-extractable Cu, Cd and Zn, phytoavailability and soil microbial activity were measured. The results showed that coal fly ash, straw and the mixture of coal fly ash and straw decreased CaCl₂-extractable metals. Coal fly ash or the mixture of the two amendments are therefore efficient metal stabilizers.     

甲状腺激素脱碘酶在孕哺期十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)暴露致子代小鼠神经发育毒性中的潜在作用

研究孕哺期BDE209暴露对母鼠胎盘和子代脑组织甲状腺激素脱碘酶(deiodinase,DI)基因表达的影响,及其在子鼠神经发育毒性效应中的作用。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组,暴露BDE20910 d后,与雄鼠合笼,每组选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的8只母鼠孕期持续染毒至子鼠断乳。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测孕17~18 d胎盘、出生后60 d子鼠脑组织3种类型脱碘酶基因相对表达;利用Morris水迷宫评价出生后60 d子鼠学习记忆能力;测量第2、16、30和60天子鼠体重,观察孕哺期BDE 209暴露对子代生长发育的作用。结果显示,BDE 209对子鼠出生时体重未见明显影响;出生后30 d,高剂量BDE 209暴露组雌性子鼠体重显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p0.05),而低、高剂量暴露组雄性子鼠体重均显著低于对照组子鼠体重(p0.05,p0.01);出生后60 d,BDE 209对子鼠体重影响不明显。BDE 209暴露能够显著延长出生后60 d雌、雄性子鼠逃避潜伏期(p0.05或p0.01)。BDE209暴露显著降低母鼠胎盘中3种类型脱碘酶(主要是DI-3)基因表达(p0.05或p0.01);同时,BDE 209暴露可诱导出生60 d后雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-1基因表达(p0.05或p0.01),抑制雄性子鼠脑组织中DI-3基因表达(p0.05);BDE 209暴露对出生后60 d雌鼠脑组织脱碘酶未见明显影响(p0.05)。研究结果表明,孕哺期BDE209暴露可能通过影响母鼠胎盘组织脱碘酶(特别是DI-3)基因表达,导致子鼠神经发育毒性效应-学习记忆能力障碍。     

A model of 90Sr distribution in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China

The impact on the environment ofradionuclide release from nuclear power plants has attracted increased attention, especially after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Based on the mechanisms of adsorption/desorption at solid/liquid interfaces and a surface micromorphology model of sediments, a theoretical expression of the distribution coefficient Kd is derived. This coefficient has significant effects on the distribution of radionuclide in seawater, suspended sediment and seabed sediment. Kd is then used to simulate ^90Sr transport in the sea near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The simulation results are compared with field measurements of tidal level, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration and ^90Sr concentrations in the same period. Overall, the simulated results agree well with the field measured data. Thus, the derived expression for Ka is capable of interpreting realistic adsorption/desorption processes. What＇s more, conclusion is drawn that about 40% ^90Sr released by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant will be adsorbed by suspended sediment and 20% by seabed sediment, only about 40% ^90St will remain in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in South China Sea.     

我国火电厂SO2污染治理政策的理论分析

从火电厂的环境特性出发,依据环境经济学的外部性理论、排污费政策以及排污权交易制度,对我国火电厂大气污染治理政策进行了理论分析并提出了相应建议。