我国地表水中磷酸三苯酯的多层次生态风险评估

磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPP)在电缆材料、塑料制品中被大量使用,是地表水中检出频率最高的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂之一,近年来受到广泛关注。本文通过文献检索TPP的地表水环境暴露浓度以及对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,利用风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)和概率生态风险评价法(probabilistic ecological risk assessments,PERA)对我国主要地表水中的TPP进行多层次生态风险评价。结果显示,TPP在我国地表水中的浓度为0.2～96.3 ng·L~(-1),以生存为测试终点的急性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)为36.49μg·L~(-1),而以繁殖、发育和生长等为测试终点的慢性毒性数据推导出的PNEC值为1.30μg·L~(-1)。基于急、慢性毒性数据计算的风险商均小于0.1。我国地表水中TPP对0.1%到1%的水生生物造成繁殖、发育和生长等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为1.40%和0.04%,存在较低的潜在生态风险。     

腈菌唑手性单体对雄性丽斑麻蜥肝脏代谢功能的影响

腈菌唑(MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。为评估腈菌唑单体暴露对丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)肝脏代谢功能的毒性影响,研究了MT1(5 mg·kg~(-1))和MT2(5 mg·kg~(-1))暴露28 d下蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学和代谢相关基因表达的变化。结果显示,MT1暴露组的蜥蜴体重在28 d时出现显著下降。在MT1和MT2暴露后,蜥蜴的肝组织均出现了不同程度的病理学变化。在MT1暴露下,基因CYP1A1、CYP2D6、CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达水平未发生显著变化,而基因CYP2C8A的表达显著上调。在MT2暴露下,基因CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达未发生明显变化;基因CYP1A1和CYP2C8的表达显著下调;基因CYP2D6的表达显著上调。不同腈菌唑单体对蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学以及代谢相关基因的表达影响不同,具有一定的对映选择性。     

The temporal changes of the concentration level of typical toxic organics in the river sediments around Beijing

In this study, the current situation of five types of toxic organics and endocrine disrupters in the sediments of rivers around Beijing, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), estrogens (Es), and bisphenol A (BPA), which included 56 contaminants, was analyzed and compared with that registered by the historical literatures. The ecological risks were also assessed. The total concentration of PAHs, PAEs, OCPs, Es, and BPA ranged from 232.5 ng·g^–1 to 5429.7 ng·g^–1, 2047.2 ng·g^–1 to 18051.5 ng·g^–1, 4.5 ng·g^–1 to 11.7 ng·g^–1, 18.1 ng·g^–1 to 105.2 ng·g^–1, and 36.3 ng·g^–1 to 69.6 ng·g^–1, respectively. Among these five types of organic compounds, the concentration levels of PAHs and OCPs have decreased significantly in the last ten years, while those of PAEs and Es had an upward trend compared with the previous studies. BPA still remained at a moderately high level, as it was ten years ago. The risks of the PAEs in all of the sample sites, and fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene in the Wenyu River sediment, were relatively high. These results supplemented the database of toxic organics’ concentration levels in the sediments of Beijing rivers.

Open image in new window

     

滤纸法测定膨胀土总吸力试验及基质吸力预测研究

采用滤纸法测定膨胀土体吸力时,滤纸与土体表面距离不同所测得的滤纸含水率也不一样,获得的总吸力亦不相同。为此采用滤纸法开展了不同距离下的膨胀土总吸力测定试验,获得了不同距离条件下滤纸含水率的变化规律。干密度较小时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大呈现"减小-增大-减小"的规律;干密度较大时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定。距离为3cm时所测得的吸力离散程度较小,可作为测定土体总吸力的标准距离。根据总吸力-距离关系式,通过引入伪基质吸力的概念,计算得到伪基质吸力,并与相应的真基质吸力进行比较。结果表明:不同干密度及含水率下的膨胀土真基质吸力与伪基质吸力之间存在良好的线性关系。此法可为测定现场土体基质吸力提供新的思路。     

Catalytic reduction for water treatment

Treating water contaminants via heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction is a subject of growing interest due to its good activity and superior selectivity compared to conventional technology, yielding products that are non-toxic or substantially less toxic. This article reviews the application of catalytic reduction as a progressive approach to treat different types of contaminants in water, which covers hydrodehalogenation for wastewater treatment and hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite for groundwater remediation. For hydrodehalogenation, an overview of the existing treatment technologies is provided with an assessment of the advantages of catalytic reduction over the conventional methodologies. Catalyst design for feasible catalytic reactions is considered with a critical analysis of the pertinent literature. For hydrogenation, hydrogenation of nitrate/nitrite contaminants in water is mainly focused. Several important nitrate reduction catalysts are discussed relating to their preparation method and catalytic performance. In addition, novel approach of catalytic reduction using in situ synthesized H₂ evolved from water splitting reaction is illustrated. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the extensive application of catalytic reduction technology in water treatment are discussed. This review provides key information to our community to apply catalytic reduction approach for water treatment.

Open image in new window

     

高锰酸钾改性桉木生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以桉木为原料,使用高锰酸钾对桉木生物炭（BC）进行改性,制备改性生物炭（KBC）.对其进行表征,并进行了水溶液中Pb （Ⅱ）的静态吸附实验,探究了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和初始浓度对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附效果影响.结果表明,最佳吸附反应pH为5,吸附在6 h达到饱和,当温度为25℃,Pb （Ⅱ）的初始浓度为100mg ·L^-1,吸附剂投加量为0.06 g时,KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的最大吸附量为83.059mg ·g^-1,去除率为99.67%.KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附遵循二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,其是发生在均匀表面的单层吸附.采用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR和XPS对吸附剂进行表征分析,发现吸附机制主要是KBC含氧和KBC含锰基团通过络合作用和沉淀作用来吸附Pb （Ⅱ）,以及在吸附过程中生物炭表面会形成—O—Pb—O—双齿配合物.因此,高锰酸钾改性BC可以作为一种很好的Pb （Ⅱ）吸附剂.     

2007年火电行业温室气体排放量估算

为了解我国火电行业温室气体排放情况,参考《IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南》中固定源燃烧温室气体排放量计算方法学部门方法的相关内容,利用实测的温室气体排放因子以及2007年火电行业活动水平数据,计算火电行业温室气体排放量. 排放因子测算及排放量计算过程均遵循IPCC关于温室气体排放计算的质量保证和质量控制内容. 结果表明,2007年我国火电行业CO₂与N₂O排放量分别为2.81×109和1.56×105 t.同时使用参考方法,利用国家级能源统计数据直接计算火电行业CO₂排放量.将部门方法与参考方法计算结果进行比对发现,原煤、原油和天然气燃烧温室气体排放量2种方法的相对偏差分别为7.5%,98.8%和1.6%,除原油外,原煤和天然气燃烧CO₂排放量与参考方法相差并不大.      

灰色层次分析法在脱硝技术评价中的应用

火电厂排放的氮氧化物(NOx)是主要的大气污染源之一,以灰色层次分析法为基础,选择目前应用较为成熟的3种典型的烟气脱硝工艺进行多指标、多层次的综合评价,将3种脱硝技术按照优劣进行排序,进而为选择合适的脱硝装置提供参考依据,以减少火电厂氮氧化物的排放。     

豫北平原近25年来生态服务价值研究

运用3S技术,分析和探讨了豫北平原的内黄县1979—2003年的生态系统服务价值变化. 土地利用变化直接影响生态服务价值,该区25年间的生态系统服务价值变化显著,呈增长趋势.耕地和林地生态系统服务功能约占总服务价值的80%～90%. 结果表明:25年来内黄县研究区域的生态环境质量呈不断上升的态势,生态系统服务价值增加逾2.6×108元. 研究区内的林地、园地面积不断增加,增加的面积部分主要源自未利用地,而另一部分则是由耕地转变而来. 这一方面反映了人口增长和经济建设需求对生态环境变化的积极影响,另一方面也反映了研究区人民和相关部门重视生态环境,环保意识增强.      

电袋复合型除尘器在电厂除尘改造中的应用

介绍晋北铝业自备电厂4台240t/h锅炉电除尘器改造成电袋复合型除尘器的方案、原理、运行情况,为国内燃煤电厂的电除尘器改造提供借鉴和参考。