循环经济下再生资源规范回收行为研究

提出将再生资源回收分为规范回收与非规范回收两种类型,认为回收行为是建立规范循环经济体系规划的数据基础和政策效应的微观基础。以废旧家电为例,设计了包括废旧家电回收再利用形势感知、回收现状、回收再利用态度、回收影响因素、回收行为以及废旧家电生态消费态度、生态消费问题感知、生态消费影响因素、生态消费行为等9类共31个问题,通过对312名在校大学生的调查,分析了样本个体废旧家电回收因素、样本家庭实际回收行为及现状因素、样本个体废旧家电回收方式的影响因素等废旧家电回收问题及行为总体状况,采用单因素分析方法,深入挖掘了样本不同的社会—经济、社会—人口属性及其他相关因素在废旧家电回收行为上的差异性,给出了相应的理论解释。在调查分析的基础上,提出了促进再生资源规范回收的实施对策。     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

山谷型垃圾填埋场渗沥液水量计算方法比较研究

山谷型垃圾填埋场渗沥液水量是工程设计中的一个重要基础参数，主要由场内降雨转化为场外地下径流组成。对于场外地下径流，目前国内外尚无成熟的计算方法。作者针对几种常用的水量平衡法，通过实验，验证了每种方法的精度。结果表明，考虑了树冠戴流、表层土调蓄作用等因素的模型具有相当的精度，可以作为场外地下径流的计算模型。     

废彩色阴极射线管玻璃的X和γ射线屏蔽特性

废电视机和计算机监视器产生了数量庞大的废阴极射线管（CRTs）,已成为全球面临的环境风险,迫切需要找出新的处置方法和再利用途径来化解风险。用Χ和γ射线标准剂量测定装置(QH16),XRF,ICP,XRD和灰熔点炉等试验手段测试了废彩色CRTs玻璃的铅当量、化学组成和烧结等特性,并与钢、铁矿石、重晶石等进行对比;讨论了废彩色CRTs玻璃的X和γ射线质量衰减系数,能量吸收特性和辐射屏蔽能力。结果表明,废彩色CRTs玻璃所含的Pb、Ba、Sr、Sb、Ce、Zn等金属元素具有优良的Χ和γ射线屏蔽性能,将其通过烧结法制备成射线屏蔽材料是控制污染和再利用的有效途径。     

废镍镉电池处置和金属回收关键技术研究进展

系统地介绍了处置废镍镉电池所涉及预处理、蒸馏、浸出、湿法分离和三废处理的关键技术,尤其是真空冶金、生物冶金、乳状液膜分离的研究成果,并对比了不同工艺对环境的影响。     

离子色谱法测定大气中的甲磺酸

建立了以玻璃纤维膜-KB120气溶胶采样器采集大气中甲磺酸的采样方法;以0.1mmol·l-1H3BO3/0.1mmol·l-1 Na2B4O7为淋洗液的甲磺酸离子色谱分析方法.分析方法的精密度和准确度分别为5%和4%.并实测了青岛冬季大气气溶胶中MSA,SO2-4和NO-3的平均浓度分别为0.10μg·m-3,30.40μg·m -3和17.98μg·m-3.     

海水中二甲基硫测定方法的研究

二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ）是雨水天然酸性的贡献者和影响气候变化的重要痕量气体，本文海水中ＤＭＳ测定方法，即采用冷却预浓缩技术处理海水样品，用带有火焰光度检测器气相色谱仪分析，此方法的精密度为１２％，准确度为１０％，对１００ｍｌ海水样品最小检测量为０．０５４ｎｇ（ＤＭＳ）。同时对色谱柱的选取，实验材料的选择，浓缩柱填充材料的选择，鼓气效率，干燥管，样品解析，样品保存等有关实验步骤进行了讨论。     

衍生化气相色谱法测定黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚降解产物

利用衍生化气相色谱法对黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物进行了研究，在磷酸存在下，以甲醇作酯类衍行生试剂，分别和ＳＥ－５２和ＨＰ－１７石英毛细管双柱结合ＧＣ－ＭＳ进行分离定性定量，黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物以羧酸为主，在反应温度５０℃时，表现为一级反应特征，速率常数（Ｋ）：０．０７７ｍｉｎ＾－１，半衰期（ｔ１／２）：９．０ｍｉｎ。     

Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China

Tonghui River, a typical river in Beijing, People's Republic of China, was studied for its water and sediment quality, by determining the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples. Total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in water varied from 192.5 to 2651 ng/l, 31.58-344.9 ng/l and 134.9-3788 ng/l, respectively. The total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in surficial sediments were 127-928 ng/g, 0.78-8.47 ng/g and 1.79-13.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of these selected organic pollutants in sediment was higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments. The PAHs were dominated by 2-, 3-ring components in water samples and by 3- and 4-ring compounds in sediment. For organochlorines, alpha-HCH, delta-HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, DDT are the major organochlorine pesticides in water while Heptachlor, Dieldrin and DDE composed of 95% of total organochlorine pesticides in sediment. For HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH), the predominance of alpha-HCH of total HCHs were clearly observed in water and sediment. PCB18, PCB31 and PCB52 were predominant in water, on average these compounds collectively accounted for 67% of total PCBs. But in sediment, the predominant compounds were PCB28, PCB31 and PCB153, which accounted for 71% of total PCBs in sediment. The levels of micro pollutants in our study areas were compared with other studies.     

电解氧化法处理黄金冶炼厂选冶废水

采用电解氧化法处理同时含有高浓度氰化物与COD的黄金冶炼厂选冶废水,主要考查了外加电压、溶液pH、电解时间及极板间距等因素对氰化物和COD去除率的影响,充分利用原水中Cl^-的阳极氧化效应,深入探讨了电化学氧化过程及污染物氧化去除机理。结果表明,随着外加电压和电解时间的增大,氰化物和COD去除率逐渐增大。以石墨为阳极,钛合金为阴极,采用一阴两阳电解体系对废水进行氧化,当电压为4.5 V、初始pH为7、电解时间为3 h、极板间距为1.5 cm的条件下,总氰化物 (CN_T) 、COD、SCN^-及Cu的去除率最高可达99.6%、96%、99.9%与99.2%。电解过程中体系pH逐渐降低,电场作用下定向迁移至阳极附近的污染物去除主要归因于HClO及ClO^-的间接氧化作用,当pH大于5.0时以HClO的氧化为主,ClO^-的氧化为辅,而pH小于5.0时则主要是HClO的氧化。电解氧化过程中约有36.17%的Cu与SCN^-形成CuSCN沉淀而被除去,剩余的铜则扩散至阴极沉积析出。GC-MS分析表明,烷烃类、酯类、酮类等大分子的C=C键、酯基、羰基等化学键和官能团被氧化断链成小分子物质,随后继续被氧化为H₂O、CO₂和N₂。