Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Coupling mechanism of activated carbon mixed with dust for flue gas desulfurization and denitrification

To clarify the effect of coking dust, sintering dust and fly ash on the activity of activated carbon for various industrial flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, the coupling mechanism of the mixed activated carbon and dust was investigated to provide theoretical reference for the stable operation. The results show that coking dust had 34% desulfurization efficiency and 10% denitrification efficiency; correspondingly, sintering dust and fly ash had no obvious desulfurization and denitrification activities. For the mixture of activated carbon and dust, the coking dust reduced the desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies by blocking the pores of activated carbon, and its inhibiting effect on activated carbon was larger than its own desulfurization and denitrification activity. The sintering dust also reduced the desulfurization efficiency on the activated carbon while enhancing the denitrification efficiency. Fly ash blocked the pores of activated carbon and reduced its reaction activity. The reaction activity of coking dust mainly came from the surface functional groups, similar to that of activated carbon. The reaction activity of sintering dust mainly came from the oxidative property of Fe₂O₃, which oxidized NO to NO₂ and promoted the fast selectively catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO to form N₂. Sintering dust was activated by the joint action of activated carbon, and both had a coupling function. Sintering dust enhanced the adsorption and oxidation of NO, and activated carbon further promoted the reduction of NO_x by NH₃; thus, the denitrification efficiency increased by 5%-7% on the activated carbon.     

大气污染特征研究及臭氧污染个例分析——以深圳市龙华区为例

根据深圳市龙华区观澜子站空气质量监测数据,对龙华区近年来空气质量状况、主要大气污染物浓度时间变化特征、气象条件和污染物浓度相关性,以及典型臭氧(O_3)污染过程进行了分析。结果表明龙华区空气质量以优良为主,空气质量指数(AQI)超标日中,O_3浓度超标天数最多,其次依次是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和二氧化氮(NO_2)。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_2在秋冬季的浓度最高,春季次之,夏季最低;而O_3浓度则在夏秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低。除O_3(日间浓度高于夜间浓度)以外,PM_(2.5)、PM10和NO_2晚间浓度高于日间浓度。此外,相关性研究表明,颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,O_3(8 h)和NO_2与颗粒物浓度均呈正相关性。由于地域差异的存在,O_3(8 h)和颗粒物浓度的相关性在不同地域表现也不同。同时,大气污染物浓度与气象条件和人为排放源的相关性较高。     

牛粪-化肥配施对水稻田氮磷迁移转化的影响

在控制外源N输入量相同的前提下,通过田间小区实验,探讨有机肥与化肥不同施用量（牛粪施用量：5,10,20t/hm²）对稻田田间土-水界面氮磷迁移转化特征的影响.结果表明：控制稻田水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP输出的最佳时期分别为施肥后的第5,30,7,20d,且TN和TP浓度随时间变化符合单指数衰减方程（0.7444≤R²≤0.9724;1.1×10^-6≤F≤0.0055）.采用牛粪部分代替化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田退水中TN、TP输出负荷（41.8%、36.0%、64.3%;20.3%、39.1%、48.9%）,还可以降低稻田水中N/P,降低水体富营养化风险.同时,牛粪的施用可提高土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,促进氮磷向植物可吸收形态转化.综合经济成本和生态效益核算,采用10t有机肥代替无机肥的处理是相对经济环保的施肥方法,该施肥方式下,氮磷年输出负荷分别为17.70,1.26kg/hm².     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

TiO_2 nanoparticles(NPs) could adversely impact aquatic ecosystems. However, the aggregation of these NPs could attenuate this effect. In this work, the biological effects of TiO_2 NPs on a marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana were investigated. The aggregation kinetics of TiO_2 NPs under different conditions was also investigated to determine and understand these effects. Results showed that, though TiO_2 NPs had no obvious impact on the size and reproducibility of algal cells under testing conditions, they caused a negative effect on algal chlorophyll, which led to a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, fast aggregation of TiO_2 NPs occurred under all conditions, especially at the pH close to the p Hzpc. Increasing ionic strength and NP concentration also enhanced the aggregation rate.The aggregation and the following sedimentation of TiO_2 NPs reduced their adverse effects on I. galbana.     

Investigating the bacterial community and amoebae population in rural domestic wastewater reclamation for irrigation

Reclamation of domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation is viewed as a sustainable option to create an alternative water source and address water scarcity. Free-living amoebae(FLA), which are amphizoic protozoa, are widely distributed in various environmental sources. The FLA could cause considerable environmental and health risks. However, little information is available on the risk of these protozoa. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility using rural domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation, and analyzed dynamic changes of the microbial community structure and FLA populations in raw and treated wastewater, as well as the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuce production sites that were irrigated with different water sources. The bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP). The bacterial community structures in the influent were similar to that in the effluent, while in some cases relative abundances varied significantly. The populations of Acanthamoeba spp. and Hartmannella vermiformis in the anaerobically treated wastewater were significantly higher than in the raw wastewater. The vegetables could harbor diverse amoebae, and the abundances of Acanthamoeba spp. and H. vermiformis in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than in the phyllosphere. Accordingly, our studies show insight into the distribution and dissemination of amoebae in wastewater treatment and irrigation practices.     

水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素分析研究

水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素主要有财务风险、造价预测偏离风险、征地困难风险、施工事故风险以及后期质量可靠性风险等,根据风险因素构建评价解释变量和控制变量模型,结合内部控制和信息披露方法进行风险预测评估,采用分组样本检验方法进行水环境综合整治工程风险因素方法,采用T检验方法进行水环境质量可靠性检验,实现风险有效评估和预防。通过实证分析方法进行模板数据分析,提高对水环境综合整治工程存在的风险因素的定量评估能力。     

爆炸螺栓分离对热防护系统冲击响应分析

目的考察在爆炸螺栓分离过程中,作用在TPS(热防护系统)上的冲击响应是否会导致其破坏,从而影响航天器飞行安全,对过程进行数值仿真分析。方法提出四阶段仿真方案,基于MSC.Dytran软件,采用流固耦合方法对爆炸螺栓分离过程进行动力学仿真;根据单个爆炸螺栓地面分离试验的结构进行建模和分析,获取结构响应曲线;再根据实测的冲击响应数据,对爆炸过程中炸药及JWL方程的参数等设置进行调整,获取准确爆炸螺栓的分析模型;最后应用于对真实结构中TPS(热防护系统)在分离过程里受爆炸螺栓冲击响应的动力学分析与评估。结果通过参数调整,获得的仿真模型与爆炸螺栓地面分离试验实测结果一致,证明了仿真模型的有效性和四阶段仿真方案的可行性。结论提取的真实结构爆炸螺栓分离过程中作用在TPS(热防护结构)上的最大加速度响应曲线,可用于指导TPS(热防护系统)的设计。     

重庆九龙坡城区和城郊大气污染物浓度特征研究

为了解重庆市九龙坡区城区和城郊大气污染物浓度特征,分析了城区和城郊国控空气站点2014年3月~2015年2月典型污染物的浓度变化。结果表明,除O_3表现出夏高冬低的季节变化趋势外,其它污染物均表现出冬高夏低的季节变化趋势。PM_(2.5)污染最严重,城区和郊区日均值超标率分别为31.4%和33.4%。城区和城郊的PM_(2.5)浓度之间没有显著性差异(p0.05),城郊O_3浓度显著高于城区(p0.01),NO_2、SO_2、CO和PM_(10)则是城区显著高于城郊(p0.01)。     

雾霾环境天气下对户外体育运动人群影响研究

构建雾霾环境天气下户外体育运动生理健康指标参数,以最大摄氧量(VO2)、最大通气量(VEmax)、氧脉搏O2P、心率(HR)等参量为约束指标,构建户外体育运动人群身体健康指标的约束体系,采用心电图的负荷试验和代谢分析实验方法测试雾霾环境天气下对户外体育运动人群健康影响,根据受测运动员的气体代谢和心肺功能指标进行雾霾环境天气下运动人群的心肺机能特征分析。雾霾环境天气下,应当减少户外运动,在空气质量好的环境下进行一定的有氧运动,避免吸入污染空气,导致肺部疾病。