An exploration of the relationship between adsorption and bioavailability of pesticides in soil to earthworm

A study was conducted to determine the adsorption/desorption of butachlor, myclobutanil and chlorpyrifos on five soils using a batch equilibration technique and to study the relationship between bioavailability to Allolobophora caliginosa and the adsorption/desorption of these three pesticides. The results showed that the adsorption/desorption processes of the tested compounds were mainly controlled by soil organic matter content (OM) and octanol/water-partitioning coefficient (K(ow)), and that the bioavailability of the pesticides was dependent on characteristics of pesticides, properties of soils, and uptake routes of earthworms. Bioconcentration of butachlor and myclobutanil was negatively correlated with Freundlich adsorption constant K(af) and K(df). However, only a slightly positive correlation between bioconcentration and K(af) and K(df) was observed for chlorpyrifos due to its high affinity onto soil.     

Removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Taihu Lake using local soils. III. Factors affecting the removal efficiency and an in situ field experiment using chitosan-modified local soils

Effects of ionic strength, pH, organic content, cell concentration, and growth phase on the removal of MA cells using chitosan-modified sepiolite were studied in the laboratory. The MA removal efficiency increased with the increase of salinity for normal clay flocculation. In contrast, for chitosan-modified clays/soils, MA removal efficiency increased with the decrease of salinity. The removal efficiency of chitosan-modified sepiolite was not significantly affected by pH (6-9), but dropped dramatically beyond pH 10. Humic acid had a small negative effect on the removal of MA cells. Cells were removed more effectively by clays around the early senescence growth phase than other growth stages. The removal efficiency increased as the cell concentration increased. In a field enclosure of Taihu Lake, a loading of 0.025 g/L chitosan-modified local soils removed 99% algal cells and no increase of chlorophyll-a was observed during the following one month's monitoring process.     

公路项目环评中的环境影响经济评价

按照亚洲开发银行在1996年提出的环境影响经济评价步骤与框架,对公路项目环评中的环境影响经济评价过程与常用方法进行了分析.在此基础上,分析了目前公路环评中的环境影响经济评价在环境影响的量化与价值评估方法使用中所存在的问题,指出在环境影响经济评价过程中,环评人员可能面对众多困难,如存在没有可用的剂量反应关系,统计数据缺乏等问题.因而,从目前来看,环境影响经济评价可能更适合在研究层面上开展,对建设项目的环境影响进行通则性的经济评价还有一定难度.     

忻州市环境空气PM10中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

采集了忻州市4个监测点位采暖季和非采暖季环境空气PM10样品,利用Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH vario EL cube测定有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的质量浓度,通过OC和EC的时空分布、比值以及相关性分析揭示忻州市的碳组分污染特征.结果表明,忻州市PM10中OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为(18.5±4.5)μg·m-3和(16.1±4.3)μg·m-3,采暖季和非采暖季TCA占PM10的比例分别为70.7%和43.8%;4个监测点位采暖季OC的质量浓度均高于非采暖季,XT、DC和KQ监测点采暖季EC的质量浓度高于非采暖季,SQ监测点则相反,采暖季燃煤是OC和EC的主要来源;监测点XT的OC质量浓度最高,为24.1μg·m-3,DC的EC质量浓度最高,为22.0μg·m-3,SQ的OC和EC质量浓度最低,分别为17.2μg·m-3和14.5μg·m-3,区域性污染特征存在差异;OC/EC均值小于2,一次污染严重;非采暖季OC与EC浓度相关性较好(R2=0.55),二者排放源单一,主要来源为机动车尾气排放,采暖季相关性不显著(R2=0.13),二者排放源复杂.忻州市主要通过控制燃煤、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧、工业源等的一次排放来减轻碳组分污染,进而提高环境空气质量.     

土壤中胡敏酸提取方法的优化

以国际腐殖质协会(IHSS)推荐的胡敏酸提取方法为基础,以去有机质土壤中添加胡敏酸所配制的土壤为研究对象,引入超声作为胡敏酸提取的辅助条件,采用批次试验优化了土壤中胡敏酸的提取方法。结果表明,基于胡敏酸提取回收率和精密度,在室温下获得的优化提取方法为:液土比为8:1、提取次数为3次、Na OH溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L、超声功率为120 W、超声时间为30 min;在此优化条件下,胡敏酸的回收率为94.73%±1.50%,显著大于IHSS推荐方法的回收率64.76%±0.28%,变异系数CV为1.59%、小于10%。相对于IHSS提取法,此优化提取法具有胡敏酸提取回收率高、资源节约、胡敏酸变性小、提取时间短等优点。     

Analysis of climate variability in the Manas River Valley,North-Western China (1956–2006)

This paper examines the short-run climate variability (change in the levels of temperature and precipitation) with a focus on the Manas River Valley, North-Western China, over the past 50 years (1956 to 2006) using data collected from four meteorological stations. The results show that the annual mean temperature had a positive trend, with temperature increasing at 0.4 °C per decade. Application of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that the overall positive trend became statistically significant at the p?=?0.95 level only after 1988. The increase in temperature was most marked in winter and spring (0.8 and 0.7 °C per decade, respectively), absent in summer and very small in autumn (0.1 °C per decade). Concerning precipitation, our results indicate a negative but not significant trend for the period between 1956 and 1982, while annual total precipitation tended to increase thereafter and the increase was mainly during the crop growing-season. Concerning variability in temperature and precipitation, the characteristic time scales were identified by application of wavelet analysis. For temperature the quasi-decadal variations were found on time scales between approximately 5 and 15 years, with a peak in wavelet variance on a time scale of 9 years. For precipitation, the most striking features were a precipitation increase (6.7 mm per decade) during the crop growing season. Irregularities and abrupt changes in both temperature and precipitation were more common at scales less than 10 years, indicating the complexity and uncertainty in the short-period climate variability. Possible causes of climate variability in the Manas River Valley may include anthropogenic factors such as intensive human activity and the expansion of both farmland and irrigation. Global climate variability might also have some impacts on the local climate variability; analyses of local and regional climate trends can better inform local adaptation actions for global impacts.     

短短芽胞杆菌及其芽胞对芘的降解

考察短短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)菌体及芽胞对四环多环芳烃芘的降解性能.结果表明,菌体5 d内对1 mg·L-1芘的降解率可达53%.菌体和胞内酶降解芘过程中检测到1-羟基芘、9-羟基菲、α-萘酚和β-萘酚这4种单羟基降解产物,在完整菌体降解体系中,产物呈现先积累后下降的趋势,而在胞内粗酶液降解体系中,大分子代谢产物表现为一直积累的趋势,说明B.brevis完整菌体在降解初期并不具备一些中间产物的降解酶,但随着时间推移,可被诱导产生相关酶对生成的新产物进行进一步降解.芽胞悬液在添加芘的无机盐培养基中5 d内萌发生成的营养细胞可达到1.5×109个·L-1,对1 mg·L-1芘的降解率达到15%.     

HACH比色法测CODcr在污水批量检测中的应用研究

HACH比色法测CODcr虽有操作简单方便及良好准确性与重复性的优点,但在大批量检测中,检测影响因素还处于不可控状态,通过对样品存放条件、悬浮物、比色管的冷却温度、氯化物、质量控制等因素的实验,核实样品加入硫酸将pH调至〈2在4℃下冷藏保存更稳定、采集的水样应充分摇匀再取样,比色管须冷却至室温再检测等,明确在样品CODcr批量检测中各环节工作要求,以此建立更为完善的过程控制,进一步确保污水样品批量检测的准确性,实现CODcr检测业务的全面启动。     

以污水厂二沉污泥为种泥培养颗粒污泥的研究

在自制生物反应器中,以天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为种泥,通过控制系统的运行条件成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,并研究了其除污性能。试验结果表明：该好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性及生物活性,并具有良好的除污效果和硝化脱氮能力,对COD、NIV—N的去除率可达到90％、80％以上,达到国标GB18918—2002一级排放标准。     

码头港作机械大气污染物排放清单研究

目前,国内对于港口港作机械的大气污染物排放计算方法尚未开展深入研究。在国内外文献综合分析的基础上,结合上海港各类港作机械现状调研结果,对港作机械污染物排放计算方法进行了上海本地化校正,建立了2010年上海港码头港作机械大气污染物排放清单,并提出相应的排放减排措施和进一步完善排放计算方法的思路。